Figure 2. Characteristics of NDMVs. NDMVs are generated by various stimulants such as bacteria, bacterial products, cytokines, chemokines, and exogenous compounds. NDMVs are small-sized EVs (less than 1 μm) consisting of various membrane components from neutrophils. NDMVs exert direct bactericidal activity and mediate intercellular communications. The interactions with target cells are mediated by membrane components. NDMVs are found in various diseases such as sepsis, bacterial infection, pneumonia, and vasculitis.