Table 2. Etiological distribution of community-acquired pneumonia in South Korea.
| Period | Authors [reference] | Study years (population age) | No. of cases | No. of cases with identified bacteria (%) | Gram-positive (%)a | Gram-negative (%)a | Atypical organisms (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-PCV7 period | Yu et al. [43] | 1994–1997 (≥16 years) | 214 | 81 (37.9) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (33.3) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.2) |
| Staphylococcus aureus (16.0) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.2) | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae (13.6) | |||||||
| Chung et al. [39] | 1995–1996 (≥15 years) | 246 | 54 (22.0) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (35.2) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (2.0) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (7.5) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.9) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (9.3) | Haemophilus influenzae (22.2) | ||||||
| Woo et al. [42] | 1997–2000 (≥16 years) | 585 | 219 (37.4) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (26.9) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.0) | - | |
| Streptococcus spp. (6.0) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.8) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (11.4) | Haemophilus influenzae (5.0) | ||||||
| Sohn et al. [40] | 2001–2002 (≥16 years) | 202 | 39 (19.3) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (43.6) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.3) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (7.4) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (10.3) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.3) | Chlamydia pneumoniae (8.3) | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (2.6) | Haemophilus influenzae (2.6) | Legionella pneumophila (2.8) | |||||
| Song et al. [41] | 2002–2004 (≥18 years) | 955 | 108 (11.3) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (35.2) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (11.0) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (8.3) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.5) | Chlamydia pneumoniae (13.4) | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (11.1) | Haemophilus influenzae (2.8) | Legionella pneumophila (1.1) | |||||
| Post-PCV7 period | Jeon et al. [54] | 2007–2008 (≥60 years) | 175 | 63 (36.0) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (33.3) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.6) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (3.2) |
| Staphylococcus aureus (14.3) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.3) | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae (11.1) | |||||||
| Choi et al. [52] | 2007–2013 (≥18 years) | 2,221 | 568 (25.6) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (48.6) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.5) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (0.9) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (1.6) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.6) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (19.2) | Haemophilus influenzae (18.5) | ||||||
| Jeong et al. [5] | 2008–2010 (≥50 years) | 519 | 122 (23.5) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (48.4) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.5) | - | |
| Streptococcus spp. (6.6) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.0) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (10.7) | Haemophilus influenzae (5.7) | ||||||
| Yoo et al. [56] | 2008–2010 (≥50 years) | 693 | 220 (31.7) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (23.2) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.7) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (25.5) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (2.3) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0) | Chlamydia pneumoniae (1.4) | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (9.5) | Haemophilus influenzae (4.5) | Legionella pneumophila (1.4) | |||||
| Chong et al. [53] | 2009–2010 (≥18 years) | 619 | 131 (21.2) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (39.7) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (19.8) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (31.3) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (0.8) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.4) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (6.1) | Haemophilus influenzae (0.8) | ||||||
| Seong et al. [55] | 2010–2011 (≥18 years) | 275 | 105 (38.2) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (41.9) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.7) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.7) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (4.8) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.5) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (9.5) | Haemophilus influenzae (1.0) | ||||||
| Kang et al. [49] | 2008–2014 (≥65 years) | 212 | 62 (29.2) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (69.4) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.8) | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus (12.9) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.2) | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae (11.3) | |||||||
| Post-PCV13 period | Lee et al. [46]b | 2011–2013 (≥18 years) | 75 | 37 (49.3) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.5) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.3) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (8.1) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.8) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (37.8) | Haemophilus influenzae (0.0) | ||||||
| Seo et al. [47] | 2011–2016 (≥18 years) | 1,665 | 832 (50.0) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.4) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.6) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (19.8) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (3.6) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.9) | Chlamydia pneumoniae (26.9) | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (4.8) | Haemophilus influenzae (1.2) | Legionella pneumophila (1.1) | |||||
| Koh et al. [7] | 2012–2013 (≥65 years) | 151 | 62 (41.1) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (46.8) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.5) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8.1) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus (14.5) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.5) | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae (3.2) | |||||||
| Ahn et al. [44] | 2012–2014 (≥18 years) | 647 | 177 (27.4) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (32.8) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (19.8) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (14.7) | |
| Streptococcus spp. (0.6) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.5) | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (5.7) | |||||||
| Kim et al. [45] | 2016 (≥18 years) | 101 | 47 (46.5) | Streptococcus pneumoniae (38.3) | Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.3) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (4.3) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus (23.4) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.5) | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae (2.1) |
PCV7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PCV13, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
aProportion among cases with identified bacteria.
bCases requiring intensive care unit (ICU) care.