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. 2018 Sep 11;22(1):28–36. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy075

Table 2.

Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Risk Factors on Metabolic Syndrome in All Participants (Including Patients with Schizophrenia and Nonpsychiatric Participants) by Logistic Regression (n=217)

Explanatory Variables N (%) Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
MS (n=55) Non-MS (n=162) Model 1a Model 2b
Age in years 1.04 (1.01–1.07)* 1.03 (0.99–1.07) 1.03 (0.99–1.07)
Gender
 Female 19 (34.5) 92 (56.8) Ref Ref Ref
 Male 36 (65.5) 70 (43.2) 2.49 (1.32–4.71)** 2.08 (1.01–4.32)* 1.77 (0.81–3.87)
Cigarette smoking
 No 39 (70.9) 133 (82.1) Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 15 (27.3) 24 (14.8) 2.13 (1.02–4.46)* 1.22 (0.52–2.84) 1.57 (0.65–3.79)
 Missing 1 (1.82) 5 (3.1) 0.68 (0.08–6.01) 0.36 (0.04–3.55) 0.06 (0.01–1.41)
Type of antipsychotics
 Nonpsychiatric controls 6 (10.9) 54 (32.9) Ref Ref Ref
 Less obesogenic APs 10 (18.2) 39 (24.1) 2.31 (0.77–6.88) 2.87 (0.93–8.88) 56.08 (5.22–602.67)**
 Clozapine 39 (70.9) 69 (42.6) 5.09 (2.01–12.90)** 5.10 (1.96–13.25)** 82.15 (8.82–765.07)**
Orexin-Ac
 1st tertile (0.33–0.93) 16 (29.09) 52 (32.10) Ref Ref
 2nd tertile (0.94–1.59) 21 (38.18) 55 (33.95) 1.24 (0.58, 2.63) 0.05 (0.01, 0.39)**
 3rd tertile (1.60–3.18) 18 (32.73) 55 (33.95) 1.06 (0.49, 2.30) 0.04 (0.01, 0.36)**

Abbreviations: Aps, antipsychotics; MS, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio.

aModel 1: covariates including age, gender, cigarrete smoking, and participant groups (nonpsychiatric controls, patients taking less obesogenic antipsychotics or patients taking clozapine group).

bModel 2: covariates including age, gender, cigarrete smoking, participant groups (nonpsychiatric controls, patients taking less obesogenic antipsychotics or patients taking clozapine), and orexin-A in tertiles.

c The data have been logarithmic transformed before proceeding with the statistical analyses.

*P<.05, **P<.01.