Table 2.

Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Risk Factors on Metabolic Syndrome in All Participants (Including Patients with Schizophrenia and Nonpsychiatric Participants) by Logistic Regression (n=217)

Explanatory Variables	N (%)		Unadjusted OR (95% CI)		Adjusted OR (95% CI)
	MS (n=55)	Non-MS (n=162)			Model 1a		Model 2b
Age in years			1.04	(1.01–1.07)*	1.03	(0.99–1.07)	1.03	(0.99–1.07)
Gender
Female	19 (34.5)	92 (56.8)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Male	36 (65.5)	70 (43.2)	2.49	(1.32–4.71)**	2.08	(1.01–4.32)*	1.77	(0.81–3.87)
Cigarette smoking
No	39 (70.9)	133 (82.1)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Yes	15 (27.3)	24 (14.8)	2.13	(1.02–4.46)*	1.22	(0.52–2.84)	1.57	(0.65–3.79)
Missing	1 (1.82)	5 (3.1)	0.68	(0.08–6.01)	0.36	(0.04–3.55)	0.06	(0.01–1.41)
Type of antipsychotics
Nonpsychiatric controls	6 (10.9)	54 (32.9)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Less obesogenic APs	10 (18.2)	39 (24.1)	2.31	(0.77–6.88)	2.87	(0.93–8.88)	56.08	(5.22–602.67)**
Clozapine	39 (70.9)	69 (42.6)	5.09	(2.01–12.90)**	5.10	(1.96–13.25)**	82.15	(8.82–765.07)**
Orexin-Ac
1st tertile (0.33–0.93)	16 (29.09)	52 (32.10)	Ref	–			Ref	–
2nd tertile (0.94–1.59)	21 (38.18)	55 (33.95)	1.24	(0.58, 2.63)			0.05	(0.01, 0.39)**
3rd tertile (1.60–3.18)	18 (32.73)	55 (33.95)	1.06	(0.49, 2.30)			0.04	(0.01, 0.36)**

Abbreviations: Aps, antipsychotics; MS, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio.

^aModel 1: covariates including age, gender, cigarrete smoking, and participant groups (nonpsychiatric controls, patients taking less obesogenic antipsychotics or patients taking clozapine group).

^bModel 2: covariates including age, gender, cigarrete smoking, participant groups (nonpsychiatric controls, patients taking less obesogenic antipsychotics or patients taking clozapine), and orexin-A in tertiles.

^c The data have been logarithmic transformed before proceeding with the statistical analyses.

*P<.05, **P<.01.