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. 2018 Sep 17;22(1):19–27. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy061

Table 1.

Demographic Variables of Current Smokers and Nonsmokers among Patients with Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls

HCs (n=131) Patients with SZ (n=304)
Smoker Nonsmoker Smoker Nonsmoker
Variables n=21 n=110 P values (z) n=76 n=228 P values (z)
Age (y) 40.9±12.3 34.2±10.9 4.39×10–3(2.9) 51.2±13.0 50.4±15.7 .71 ( .4)
Gender (male/female) 19/2 65/45 6.00×10–3(7.6)a 61/15 83/145 3.32×10–11(44.0)a
Education (y) 16.4±2.0 16.7±2.5 .18 (-1.4) 11.8±2.1 12.0±2.2 .32 (-1.0)
CPD 14.5±6.5 21.1±13.9
Heavy smoker (≥30 cigarettes/d) 0/21 15/61
Total periods of smoking (y) 21.8±13.5 0.3±1.7 1.24×10–25(10.5) 30.0±13.5 0.2±2.0 9.44×10–64(16.9)
Ever/never smoker 21/0 4/106 1.21×10–20(106.0)b 76/0 3/225 1.00×10–64(288.6)a
CPZ-eq atypical (mg/d) 342.5±412.2 305.0±354.1 .88 (.1)
CPZ-eq typical (mg/d) 552.6±746.5 409.6±663.4 .021 (2.3)
Age at onset (y) 23.1±7.9 24.9±10.7 .65 (-0.5)
Duration of illness (y) 28.1±15.1 25.5±17.2 .19 (1.3)
PANSS positive symptoms 15.7±5.7 15.0±5.5 .15 (1.4)
PANSS negative symptoms 19.6±6.0 19.4±6.6 .76 (.3)
DIEPSS total 0.6±0.8 0.7±0.9 .66 (-0.4)

Abbreviations: CPD, cigarettes smoked per day; CPZ-eq., chlorpromazine equivalents of total antipsychotics; DIEPSS, Drug-Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptons Scale; HC, healthy control; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SZ, schizophrenia.

Means±SD are shown. P values<0.05 are shown in boldface and underlined.

a χ 2 test.

bFisher’s exact test.