Table 3.

Factor loadings in bifactor model with general, non‐affective, affective, and five specific symptom factors based on PANSS, YMRS, and MADRS symptom ratings

Items	General	Non‐affective	Affective	Positive symptoms	Negative symptoms	Disorganization	Mania	Depression
PANSS
Delusions	0.55	0.22		0.75
Hallucinatory behaviour	0.45	0.20		0.48
Grandiosity	0.54	–0.00		0.20
Suspiciousness	0.63	0.04		0.32
Unusual thought content	0.55	0.34		0.53
Lack of judgment and insight	0.48	0.32		0.15
Blunted affect	0.09	0.69			0.44
Emotional withdrawal	0.42	0.28			0.73
Poor rapport	0.38	0.59			0.40
Passive social withdrawal	0.30	0.16			0.80
Lack of spontaneity	0.28	0.69			0.39
Motor retardation	0.27	0.66			0.38
Disturbance of volition	0.55	0.30			0.35
Active social avoidance	0.50	0.02			0.71
Conceptual disorganization	0.58	0.27				0.44
Difficulty in abstract thinking	0.24	0.32				0.06
Stereotyped thinking	0.61	0.40				0.46
Mannerisms and posturing	0.55	0.50				0.20
Disorientation	0.57	0.22				–0.11
Poor attention	0.67	0.27				0.15
Preoccupation	0.68	0.23				0.34
Excitement	0.70		0.14				0.32
Hostility	0.74		0.16				0.09
Uncooperativeness	0.72		–0.07				0.07
Poor impulse control	0.76		0.10				0.05
Somatic concern	0.46		0.16					0.14
Anxiety	0.52		0.38					0.39
Guilt feelings	0.33		0.21					0.26
Tension	0.64		0.22					0.17
Depression	0.40		0.30					0.68
YMRS
Elevated mood	0.31		0.11				0.81
Increased motor activity‐energy	0.28		0.17				0.79
Sexual interest	0.24		0.15				0.52
Sleep	0.16		0.88				0.22
Irritability	0.48		0.44				0.16
Speech (rate and amount)	0.38		0.22				0.73
Language‐thought disorder	0.51		0.19				0.47
Content	0.55		0.10				0.35
Disruptive‐aggressive behavior	0.63		0.22				0.27
Appearance	0.26		0.07				0.16
Insight	0.38		–0.11				0.12
MADRS
Apparent sadness	0.29		0.29					0.74
Reported sadness	0.27		0.36					0.81
Inner tension	0.39		0.52					0.38
Reduced sleep	0.12		0.96					–0.03
Reduced appetite	0.23		0.57					0.26
Concentration difficulties	0.31		0.43					0.37
Lassitude	0.24		0.36					0.56
Inability to feel	0.30		0.39					0.55
Pessimistic thoughts	0.27		0.41					0.60
Suicidal thoughts	0.30		0.39					0.63
ω H  / ω S	0.67	0.23	0.25	0.30	0.45	0.09	0.20	0.38

PANSS – Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, YMRS – Young Mania Rating Scale, MADRS – Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, ω_H/ω_S – proportion of item variance explained by general, non‐affective and affective factors (ω_H) and specific factors (ω_S)