Table 1.
Comparing Stratified Profiles of Overall Sample Subgroups and Gambler Subgroups.
| Overall Sample Subgroups | Gambler Subgroups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Gambler (n = 817) | Recent Gambler (n = 183) | Non-GD (n = 168) | Probable GD (n = 19) | |
| Age | U = 56297.00, z = −1.63, p = 0.10 | U = 1075.50, z = −1.10, p = 0.27 | ||
| [M (SD)] | 39.60 (15.39) | 41.51 (15.11) | 41.09 (14.87) | 45.29 (17.13) |
| Sex | χ2(1) = 42.31, p < 0.001 | χ2(1) = 3.26, p = 0.07 | ||
| [Male] | 39.2% | 65.6% | 63.4% | 84.2% |
| Educational attainment | U = 64558.00, z = −1.99, p = 0.05 | U = 884.50, z = −2.56, p = 0.01 | ||
| Primary or below | 13.1% | 20.0% | 17.7% | 41.3% |
| Junior secondary | 15.1% | 16.7% | 16.0% | 23.5% |
| Senior secondary | 28.3% | 24.4% | 25.2% | 17.6% |
| Tertiary | 43.5% | 38.9% | 41.1% | 17.6% |
| Working status | χ2(3) = 3.49, p = 0.32 | χ2(3) = 1.39, p = 0.71 | ||
| Full-time | 62.0% | 65.2% | 64.4% | 72.2% |
| Part-time | 5.7% | 7.7% | 7.4% | 11.1% |
| Student | 9.6% | 6.1% | 6.1% | 5.6% |
| Other | 22.7% | 21.0% | 22.1% | 11.1% |
| Casino Employee | χ2(1) = 0.002, p = 0.97 | χ2(1) = 1.54, p = 0.22 | ||
| [Yes%] | 11.6% | 13.1% | 13.7% | 5.3% |
| Gambling expense a | − | U = 671.50, z = −3.59, p < 0.001 | ||
| [Mdn] | − | $12.37–61.76 | $12.37–61.76 | $123.76–247.40 |
| Resilience | t (996) = −0.10, p = 0.92 | t (181) = 0.12, p = 0.91 | ||
| [M (SD)] | 2.59 (0.67) | 2.59 (0.68) | 2.59 (0.68) | 2.57 (0.70) |
| Purpose in life | t (998) = −0.90, p = 0.37 | t (181) = 0.41, p = 0.69 | ||
| [M (SD)] | 3.36 (0.64) | 3.32 (0.61) | 3.32 (0.60) | 3.26 (0.65) |
| Mental health problems | ||||
| Depression | χ2(1) = 0.48, p = 0.49 | χ2(1) = 9.49, p = 0.01 | ||
| DASS < 14 [n (%)] | 722 (88.4%) | 165 (90.2%) | 151 (92.1%) | 14 (73.7%) |
| DASS ≥ 14 [n (%)] | 95 (11.6%) | 18 (9.8%) | 13 (7.9%) | 5 (26.3%) |
| Anxiety | χ2(1) = 0.27, p = 0.61 | χ2(1) = 2.54, p = 0.11 | ||
| DASS < 10 [n (%)] | 648 (79.3%) | 142 (77.6%) | 130 (79.3%) | 12 (63.2%) |
| DASS ≥ 10 [n (%)] | 169 (20.7%) | 41 (22.4%) | 34 (20.7%) | 7 (36.8%) |
| IGD b | χ2(1) = 1.47, p = 0.23 | χ2(1) = 13.44, p < 0.001 | ||
| DSM-5 < 5 [n (%)] | 344 (96.4%) | 104 (93.7%) | 94 (96.9%) | 10 (71.4%) |
| DSM-5 ≥ 5 [n (%)] | 13 (3.6%) | 7 (6.3%) | 3 (3.1%) | 4 (28.6%) |
Note. GD—Gambling Disorder, IGD—Internet Gaming Disorder. a The gambling expense has been converted from local currency to US dollars. b The total IGD sample (n = 468) includes only past-year online gamers.