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. 2018 Oct 27;41(1):1–25. doi: 10.1007/s10529-018-2611-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — a Spinner flask: Scaffolds are threaded through needles within a glass container. A magnetic stirrer is used to stir the medium throughout the construct. b Rotating wall vessel: Scaffold constructs are placed in a cylindrical bioreactor filled with medium. The bioreactor is rotated along the horizontal axis to stir the medium c Perfusion bioreactors: Medium is pumped around a circuit by a peristaltic pump. The media passes through the bioreactor containing the scaffold construct. The set up can be recirculating or single pass