Table 1.

Pense 2012—Asthma Symptoms in Brazilian Middle School students: Characteristics Studied and Asthma Symptoms.

Variables	n	%	Asthma Symptoms
			n	% 1	95% CI	PR 2	95% CI	p-Value
	109,104		25,038	22.7	21.5–23.9
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Gender
Boys	52,015	47.7	11,062	20.7	18.9–22.7
Girls	57,089	52.3	13976	24.4	23.3–25.4	1.17	1.08–1.27	<0.001
Age
<14 years old	22,443	20.6	5174	23.3	21.9–24.9
14 years	50,900	46.7	11,834	23.1	21.9–24.4	1.00	0.96–1.04	0.10
15 years	21,105	19.3	4769	22.2	20.9–23.6	0.97	0.93–1.01
16 years or older	14,656	13.4	3261	21.0	20.0–22.0	0.92	0.85–1.00
SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Self-referred skin color
White	37,674	34.6	8699	23.0	21.4–24.6
Black	14,513	13.3	3259	21.8	19.4–24.4	0.97	0.89–1.05	0.61
Brown	48,237	44.2	10,976	22.6	21.9–23.2	0.98	0.93–1.03
Others	8611	7.9	2104	23.4	20.8–26.1	1.02	0.95–1.08
Mother’s education
No education or primary education unfinished	33,322	36.8	7522	22.4	21.7–23.2
Primary education, or intermediate education unfinished	15,975	17.6	3682	23.0	21.2–24.9	1.02	0.98–1.07	<0.001
Intermediate education, or higher education unfinished	28,244	31.2	6769	23.7	22.3–25.2	1.09	1.05–1.13
Higher education	13,036	14.4	3255	25.5	24.2–26.9	1.17	1.10 –1.25
Father’s education
No education or primary education unfinished	35,174	41.9	7982	22.4	21.1–23.8
Primary education, or intermediate education unfinished	14,114	16.8	3300	23.4	21.7–25.2	1.01	0.94–1.08	<0.001
Intermediate education, or higher education unfinished	22,617	26.9	5366	23.4	21.3–25.7	1.06	0.96–1.16
Higher education	12,119	14.4	3049	25.9	24.7–27.1	1.17	1.12–1.23
SES indicator
1st tertile + 2nd tertile (D + C class)	50,430	64.4	5867	24.0	23.1–24.9
3rd tertile (B class)	27,868	35.6	7048	25.1	23.2–27.1	1.16	1.10–1.23	<0.001
School’s administrative status
Public	86,599	79.4	19,495	22.3	21.1–23.5
Private	22,504	20.6	5543	25.0	24.1–26.0	1.12	1.05–1.19	<0.001
EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE
Feeling safe on the way from home to school
Yes	99,497	91.6	21,899	21.7	20.4–23.0
No	9150	8.4	3113	33.1	31.0–35.4	1.55	1.49–1.62	<0.001
Feeling safe at school
Yes	100,126	92.4	22,004	21.5	20.4–22.7
No	8187	7.6	2924	35.6	32.7–38.7	1.69	1.60–1.78	<0.001
Being victim of bullying
Rarely/never	101,310	93.4	22,612	21.9	20.7–23.2
Frequently	7193	6.6	2350	32.8	31.3–34.3	1.51	1.42–1.61	<0.001
Exposure to fights with firearms
No	96,771	89.3	20,912	21.2	20.0–22.5
Yes	11,648	10.7	4053	35.6	34.3–36.9	1.76	1.69–1.85	<0.001
FAMILY CONTEXT AND DYNAMICS
Parents are frequently present at home
Presence of mother and/or father	101,845	93.5	23,221	22.5	21.2–23.8
Absence of mother and father	7065	6.5	1775	25.4	24.3–26.5	1.13	1.04–1.23	0.004
Parents are aware of the leisure activities of their child
Frequently	63,916	58.9	13,815	21.3	20.3–22.4
Rarely/never	44,656	41.1	11,168	24.5	23.0–26.1	1.17	1.14–1.20	<0.001
Parents are present during meals
Frequently	76,929	70.7	16,790	21.4	20.3–22.5
Rarely/never	31,959	29.3	8237	25.9	24.3–27.6	1.20	1.15–1.25	<0.001
Parents check the child’s homework
Frequently	33,500	31.0	6661	19.4	18.0–20.9
Rarely/never	74,756	69.0	18,256	24.3	23.2–25.5	1.25	1.19–1.30	<0.001
Parents are understanding of the child’s problems
Frequently	47,895	44.1	9495	19.4	18.0–20.9
Rarely/never	60,674	55.9	15,492	25.4	24.4–26.5	1.31	1.26–1.36	<0.001
Main carers rummaging without permission through their child’s personal belongings
Rarely/never	91,579	84.4	20,569	22.1	20.9–23.3
Frequently	16,868	15.6	4393	25.9	24.3–27.6	1.18	1.13–1.22	<0.001
Physical aggression committed by an adult in the family
No	97,010	89.4	20,740	21.0	19.8–22.3
Yes	11,470	10.6	4233	36.8	34.9–38.7	1.73	1.67–1.80	<0.001
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Tobacco use in the family
None of the parents/guardians	76,809	72.5	16,989	21.8	20.4–23.3
At least one	29,160	27.5	7317	24.6	23.7–25.4	1.12	1.07–1.18	<0.001
PSYCHOSOCIAL INDICATORS
Feeling of loneliness
Rarely/never	90,204	83.2	19,051	20.7	19.6–21.9
Frequently	18,254	16.8	5972	32.4	30.6–34.3	1.53	1.48–1.59	<0.001
Loss of sleep due to concerns
Rarely/never	97,873	90.4	21,303	21.4	20.2–22.6
Frequently	10,447	9.6	3683	34.7	33.0–36.3	1.59	1.55–1.64	<0.001
Existence of close friends
3 or more friends	87,401	80.6	19,304	21.7	20.4–23.0
Less than 3 friends	20,983	19.4	5707	26.8	25.5–28.2	1.23	1.18–1.28	<0.001
Child’s truancies
Rarely/never	105,722	97.2	23,961	22.3	21.1–23.6
Frequently	3092	2.8	1070	34.4	32.6–36.2	1.56	1.45–1.68	<0.001
LIFESTYLE
Daily time of sedentary leisure
≤4 h a day	67,733	62.3	14,427	20.9	19.6–22.1
>4 h a day	40,966	37.7	10,558	25.8	24.3–27.4	1.22	1.17–1.27	<0.001
TV watching
≤2 h a day	41,120	37.8	8832	21.0	19.5–22.6
>2 h a day	67,672	62.2	16,178	23.6	22.5–24.8	1.11	1.06–1.16	<0.001
Tobacco use (ever in life, even one or two puffs)
No	86,113	79.1	17,979	20.6	19.3–21.9
Yes	22,784	20.9	7056	31.3	30.6–32.0	1.56	1.47–1.64	<0.001

¹ weighted proportion and 95% CI.s. ² regressions adjusted by sex and age (STEP 1 of the analysis sequence).