Table 2.

Participants (n 180) choosing the correct (0), −1, +1 or more distant portion number compared with the actual portion number, difference between the actual and estimated portion size in g and the ratio of the estimated to the actual portion size in g

(Percentages, mean values, geometric means and 95 % confidence intervals)

	No. of estimations	Difference between estimated portion number compared with actual portion number (% participants choosing)					Difference* (g)		Ratio†
Food/ingredient		0	−1	1	<−1	>1	Mean	95 % CI	Geometric mean	95 % CI
Fish fingers	52	100	0	0	0	0	0	–	1·06	1·00, 1·00
Karelian pastries	26	100	0	0	0	0	0	–	1·00	1·00, 1·00
Rye bread	57	98	0	2	0	0	0	−2·5, 2·5	1·00	1·00, 1·00
Minced-meat beef	37	97	0	0	3	0	−2·4	−7·4, 2·5	0·96	0·93, 1·00
Chicken nuggets	37	97	0	0	3	0	−1·1	−3·3, 1·1	1·00	0·95, 1·00
Bread cheese	49	96	0	4	0	0	0·8	−0·3, 2·0	1·01	1·00, 1·03
Mango mash on plate	24	96	0	4	0	0	0·4	−0·4, 1·3	1·04	1·01, 1·08
Egg	27	96	4	0	0	0	−0·6	−1·7, 0·6	0·96	0·94, 0·99
Cauliflower	57	95	5	0	0	0	−1·6	−3·6, 0·4	0·96	0·94, 0·99
Spinach crêpe	37	95	3	0	3	0	−3·2	−8·1, 1·6	0·94	0·91, 0·99
Sausage	37	95	0	3	3	0	−1·4	−5·4, 2·7	0·99	0·96, 1·04
Meatballs	37	95	5	0	0	0	−1·6	−3·9, 0·7	0·97	0·96, 0·99
Cinnamon bun	38	95	0	5	0	0	1·8	−0·8, 4·4	1·05	1·02, 1·09
Smoothie	36	94	3	3	0	0	0	−4·0, 4·0	1·00	0·99, 1·01
Chicken, strips	53	94	2	4	0	0	1·5	−6·6, 9·5	0·97	1·03, 1·20
Chicken fillet	53	94	2	4	0	0	0·5	−1·2, 2·1	1·01	1·00, 1·03
Chocolate	53	94	3	2	0	0	−1·3	−3·8, 1·2	0·96	0·93, 1·00
Cookies	53	93	8	0	0	0	−0·2	−0·4, 0	0·96	0·95, 0·98
Apple, slice	26	92	8	0	0	0	−2·3	−5·8, 1·2	0·94	0·92, 0·97
Weetabix	32	91	9	0	0	0	−0·9	−2·0, 0·1	0·97	0·96, 0·99
White bread	57	90	4	2	4	0	−1·1	−2·6, 0·4	0·97	0·95, 0·99
Ham	36	89	3	3	0	6	0·2	−0·1, 0·4	1·02	1·01, 1·03
Sweets/candy	53	89	9	2	0	0	−4·5	−8·9, −0·2	0·96	0·94, 0·99
Carrots, cooked	57	88	9	4	0	0	−2·9	−6·1, 0·3	0·96	0·93, 1·00
Ice cream	53	87	13	0	0	0	−4·2	−7·3, −1·0	0·92	0·89, 0·95
Baguette	50	86	10	4	0	0	−1·0	−3·0, 1·0	0·95	0·92, 1·00
Croutons	36	86	8	6	0	0	−0·3	−1·6, 1·0	0·98	0·97, 1·01
Hamburger	28	86	14	0	0	0	−4·3	−8·4, −0·1	0·96	0·95, 0·98
Strawberries	32	84	16	0	0	0	−7·8	−14·5, −1·2	0·93	0·91, 0·95
Hot chocolate	36	83	5	11	0	0	2·8	−4·2, 9·7	1·02	1·00, 1·04
Pear	22	82	0	14	0	5	16·8	−1·7, 35·3	1·08	1·06, 1·12
Crispy rice cereal	32	81	6	13	0	0	0·6	−0·9, 2·2	1·04	0·98, 1·12
Commercial baby food	37	81	8	8	3	0	−5·7	−17·9, 6·5	1·01	0·95, 1·08
Raisins	53	81	15	2	2	0	−3·4	−5·8, −1·0	0·93	0·90, 0·96
Rye loaf, slice	15	80	20	0	0	0	−5·0	–	0·74	0·72, 0·77
Apple pie	39	80	18	0	3	0	−4·8	−7·6, −1·3	0·91	0·89, 0·94
Apple	24	79	4	17	0	0	12·9	−8·4, 34·2	1·06	1·03, 1·10
Chocolate cereals	32	78	13	9	0	0	−0·3	−2·0, 1·4	1·00	0·97, 1·03
Potatoes, mashed	32	78	13	6	0	3	0	−10·2, 10·2	1·00	0·98, 1·04
French fries	32	78	9	13	0	0	−0·8	−7·8, 6·2	1·02	0·98, 1·07
Spaghetti, cooked	37	78	11	8	3	0	−4·1	−12·3, 4·2	0·95	0·91, 1·00
Pizza, mini round	37	78	16	5	0	0	−3·2	−7·8, 1·3	0·96	0·93, 0·99
Pizza, slice	37	78	0	16	5	0	0·8	−6·5, 8·1	1·02	0·97, 1·07
Citrus fruits	26	77	0	23	0	0	27·7	6·1, 49·3	1·17	1·12, 1·23
Brown gravy	39	77	18	5	0	0	−5·1	−10·4, 0·2	0·91	0·87, 0·96
Crisps	53	77	21	2	0	0	−2·2	−3·6, −0·8	0·87	0·84, 0·92
Water	49	76	16	4	4	0	− 6·1	−12·4, 0·2	0·93	0·91, 0·97
Lasagne	37	76	16	8	0	0	−12·2	−27·6, 3·3	0·96	0·93, 1·01
Sausage–egg–potato hash	37	76	14	8	3	0	−5·4	−14·9, 4·0	0·94	0·91, 0·98
Risotto	37	76	24	0	0	0	−12·2	−19·4, −4·9	0·89	0·87, 0·92
Vegetable soup in bowl	53	76	2	23	0	0	20·7	8·2, 33·3	1·08	1·05, 1·12
Rice porridge	32	75	6	20	0	0	8·8	−4·2, 21·7	1·06	1·03, 1·11
Salad	57	74	7	16	0	4	1·8	−1·0, 4·7	1·10	1·05, 1·16
Feta cheese	53	74	25	0	2	0	−2·8	−4·2, −1·5	0·89	0·87, 0·92
Nuts	53	74	25	0	2	0	−2·8	−4·2, −1·5	0·90	0·88, 0·93
Beefy macaroni casserole	37	73	18	8	0	0	−8·1	−24·1, 7·9	0·92	0·88, 0·97
Ketchup	41	73	22	2	2	0	−1·8	−3·1, −0·6	0·84	0·80, 0·89
Juice	36	72	28	0	0	0	−11·1	−17·6, − 4·6	0·90	0·88, 0·93
Kiwi fruit	32	72	13	10	6	0	−3·1	−8·0, 1·8	0·94	0·90, 0·98
Flat rye bread (with hole)	42	71	14	14	0	0	0	–	1·00	0·96, 1·05
Margarine	49	69	0	29	0	2	1·6	0·9, 2·4	1·14	1·11, 1·19
Pineapple	32	69	25	0	6	0	−8·9	−14·3, −3·5	0·83	0·80, 0·87
Cream cheese	50	68	16	16	0	0	0	−0·8, 0·8	1·02	0·98, 1·08
Mixed vegetables, cooked	37	68	22	8	3	0	−7·6	−14·0, −1·2	0·92	0·88, 0·96
Frankfurter gravy	37	68	19	14	0	0	−2·7	−12·3, 6·9	0·98	0·95, 1·02
Banana	24	67	25	8	0	0	−6·7	−16·2, 2·9	0·95	0·94, 0·98
Macaroni, cooked	37	65	3	32	0	0	9·8	2·8, 16·8	1·14	1·10, 1·18
Rice, cooked	37	65	24	3	8	0	−9·5	−15·1, 3·9	0·85	0·82, 0·89
Minced-meat sauce	37	65	0	32	3	0	13·5	3·4, 23·6	1·17	1·13, 1·23
Berry quark	53	64	26	4	6	0	−13·6	−20·7, −6·4	0·85	0·82, 0·90
Banana, pieces	24	63	29	8	0	0	−0·4	−3·8, 3·0	0·87	0·84, 0·92
Grapes	32	63	13	25	0	0	6·3	−4·7, 17·2	1·07	1·04, 1·11
Mango mash in bowl	32	63	22	6	9	0	−10·3	−18·4, −2·3	0·90	0·87, 0·94
Pea–maize–carrot mix	37	62	35	3	0	0	15·8	10·7–20·9	1·41	1·35, 1·48
Cottage pie	37	62	35	0	3	0	−40·5	−58·9, −22·2	0·84	0·82, 0·88
Liver sausage	36	61	6	33	0	0	1·4	0·4, 2·3	1·14	1·10, 1·19
Raspberry jam	41	61	30	7	2	0	−2·2	−3·7, −0·7	0·83	0·78, 0·89
Berry mix	32	60	41	0	0	0	−15·6	−23·1, −8·1	0·76	0·73, 0·81
Ground beef soup in bowl	53	60	34	4	2	0	−27·4	−41·0, −13·7	0·84	0·80, 0·89
Ground beef soup on deep plate	53	60	23	13	2	2	−6·8	−21·8, 8·2	0·97	0·93, 1·02
Cucumber	57	58	30	0	12	0	−9·6	−13·3, −6·0	0·73	0·70, 0·78
Sweet bell pepper	57	58	42	0	0	0	−4·9	−6·7, −3·1	0·74	0·71, 0·79
Yoghurt	53	57	26	9	6	2	−12·3	−23·0, −1·5	0·91	0·87, 0·97
Raspberry soup	53	57	17	8	19	0	−18·9	−28·7, −9·0	0·82	0·78, 0·88
Tomato	57	56	25	0	19	0	−15·8	−21·1, −10·5	0·78	0·75, 0·82
Watermelon	32	56	19	25	0	0	2·5	−7·1, 12·1	1·02	0·98, 1·07
Potatoes, cooked	32	56	13	31	0	0	4·7	−4·5, 13·8	1·14	1·08, 1·21
Cheese	50	54	12	32	0	2	0·9	0·5, 1·7	1·10	1·05, 1·15
Salmon	37	54	19	27	0	0	3·1	−5·0, 11·3	1·10	1·01, 1·12
Carrots, raw	57	51	25	4	21	0	−16·6	−23·3, −9·9	0·67	0·63, 0·73
Four-grain porridge	32	50	3	38	0	9	38·8	19·4, 58·0	1·24	1·20, 1·31
Carrots, grated	57	49	46	4	2	0	−8·4	−11·7, −5·1	0·77	0·74, 0·82
Vegetable soup on deep plate	53	45	4	50	0	2	49·1	49·1, 65·8	1·22	1·18, 1·28
Muesli	32	44	50	0	6	0	−6·6	−9·3, −3·7	0·65	0·62, 0·70
Cottage cheese	53	36	36	0	28	0	−9·2	−11·5, −7·0	0·62	0·59, 0·66

* Estimated – actual.

† Ratio = estimated/actual in g.