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. 2018 Dec 13;15(12):2843. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15122843

Table 4.

Papers on impact evaluation of program addressing frailty in older adults.

Article (Ref. Number) Study Design Sample Size Instrumental Outcomes Follow Up Measure of Impact State
Romera-Liebana [72] RCT A total of 347 participants Aged over 65
  • -

    Short physical performance Battery (SPPB)

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    Timed get up and go test (TGUGT)

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    Mini-Examination Cognitive of Lobo (MEC-35 Lobo);

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    Fried modified criteria
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    Physical dimension

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    Neurophysiologic performance

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    Medication

 At 3 and 18 months Results at 3 and 18 months respectively:
  • -

    SPPB score improved 1.58 and 1.36 (p < 0.001);

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    handgrip strength 2.84 and 2.49 kilogram (p < 0.001);

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    number of prescriptions decrease 1.39 and 1.09.

Neurocognitive battery improved at 3 and 18 months. 		Spain
Behm et al. [73] RCT A total of 459 persons aged over 80.
  • -

    eight frailty indicators

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    Mob-T Scale
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    deterioration in frailty

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    tiredness in daily activities

 2 years Postponing the progression of frailty measured as tiredness in daily activities up to 1 year.
Liotta [74] Retrospective cohort study Aged > 74 years old.
A total of 6481 cases,
5724 controls		 Participants to Long Live the Elderly (LLE) program Mortality June to September 2015 Reduction of heat-related mortality of about 13% during summer 2015 Italy
Liotta [75] CT with historical controls Aged ≥ 75 years old.
207 LLE program
A total of 308 controls		 Short Functional Geriatric Evaluation (SFGE) Hospitalisation Mortality Six months Percentage of hospitalisation is 9.1% and 8.3% in the controls and in the cases respectively.
LLE program reduce of about 10% the acute hospital admission rate. 		Italy

RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; CT: Controlled Trial.