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Biomarkers (proteins and genes) associated with specific phenotypes.
| Phenotype | Biomarker |
|---|---|
| Rapidly progressive | TLR9 CCL18 Antibodies against HSP70 KL-6 |
| Familial | Telomerase complex mutations: TINF2, TERT, TERC Surfactant protein mutations: SFTPA, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD |
| Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) | TNF-alpha and PDGF-beta Genes polymorphisms: MMP-1 or SFTPC genes |
