Table 3.
Daily intake of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients among Christian and Muslim males and females participating in the study.
| Christian (n = 141) | Muslim (n = 116) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males (n = 51) | Females (n = 90) | Males (n = 37) | Females (n = 79) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | Not-Meeting DRIs (%) | Mean ± SD | Not-Meeting DRIs (%) | Mean ± SD | Not-Meeting DRIs (%) | Mean ± SD | Not-Meeting DRIs (%) | |
| Energy (kcal) | 2294.38 ± 665.25 | 30 (58.8%) | 1920.36 ± 545.21 | 59 (65.6%) | 2217.37 ± 699.46 | 16 (43.2%) | 2008.67 ± 690.79 | 31 (39.2%) |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 250.61 ± 93.87 ** | 48 (94.1%) | 211.93 ± 67.43 ** | 82 (91.1%) | 265.22 ± 91.48 | 34 (91.9%) | 242.83 ± 95.94 | 73 (92.4%) |
| Total fat (g) | 92.80 ± 31.43 | 51 (100%) | 81.38 ± 28.12 | 90 (100%) | 87.73 ± 31.79 | 37 (100%) | 81.90 ± 31.45 | 79 (100%) |
| Proteins (g) | 105.77 ± 37.62 ** | 51 (100%) | 79.45 ± 18.81 ** | 86 (95.6%) | 91.30 ± 33.73 | 36 (97.3%) | 74.30 ± 22.70 | 69 (87.3%) |
| Calcium (mg) | 957.98 ± 401.20 | 20 (39.2%) | 789.87 ± 250.12 | 17 (18.9%) | 866.35 ± 339.90 | 12 (32.4%) | 799.72 ± 331.66 | 21 (26.6%) |
| Magnesium (mg) | 274.15 ± 109.22 | 12 (23.5%) | 215.90 ± 62.47 | 2 (2.2%) | 251.41 ± 99.67 | 6 (16.2%) | 216.47 ± 69.83 | 4 (5.1%) |
| Iron (mg) | 14.83 ± 6.20 | 18 (35.3%) | 11.53 ± 3.56 | 17 (18.9%) | 13.15 ± 4.20 | 11 (29.7%) | 12.17 ± 3.61 | 13 (16.5%) |
| Sodium (mg) | 2423.41 ± 991.93 ** | 13 (25.5%) | 1927.49 ± 698.91 ** | 4 (4.4%) | 1760.35 ± 647.44 | 2 (5.4%) | 1746.05 ± 753.45 | 6 (7.6%) |
| Potassium (mg) | 2838.09 ± 1057.49 | 11 (21.6%) | 2378.20 ± 796.82 | 9 (10.0%) | 2641.40 ± 1005.22 | 7 (18.9%) | 2425.72 ± 897.54 | 9 (11.4%) |
| Phosphorous (mg) | 1438.33 ± 516.07 | 50 (98.0%) | 1167.55 ± 318.25 | 84 (93.3%) | 1235.28 ± 493.50 | 35 (94.6%) | 1129.95 ± 410.08 | 71 (89.9%) |
| Iodine (µg) | 49.32 ± 37.20 | 1 (2.0%) | 51.55 ± 38.34 | 2 (2.2%) | 54.97 ± 28.00 | 0 | 55.52 ± 46.44 | 1 (1.3%) |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 1677.96 ± 1087.34 | 44 (86.3%) | 1674.59 ± 1004.53 | 73 (81.1%) | 1830.12 ± 1014.57 | 32 (86.5%) | 1857.02 ± 1026.92 | 71 (89.9%) |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 148.26 ± 85.82 | 40 (78.4%) | 136.54 ± 78.27 | 63 (70.0%) | 153.96 ± 65.60 | 32 (86.5%) | 155.17 ± 81.40 | 68 (86.1%) |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 9.58 ± 8.56 | 28 (54.9%) | 6.88 ± 8.57 | 38 (42.2%) | 10.30 ± 9.93 | 22 (59.5%) | 7.64 ± 5.91 | 45 (57.0%) |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 9.24 ± 8.79 | 8 (15.7%) | 6.16 ± 2.78 | 0 | 6.61 ± 4.59 | 2 (5.4%) | 6.35 ± 3.83 | 3 (3.8%) |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 2.08 ± 1.14 | 44 (86.3%) | 1.73 ± 2.33 | 66 (73.3%) | 1.87 ± 0.72 | 31 (83.8%) | 1.67 ± 0.64 | 59 (74.7%) |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.99 ± 0.95 | 43 (84.3%) | 1.62 ± 1.59 | 62 (68.9%) | 1.67 ± 0.73 | 24 (64.9%) | 1.50 ± 0.66 | 46 (58.2%) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.39 ± 1.34 | 40 (78.4%) | 1.88 ± 2.23 | 59 (65.6%) | 2.10 ± 0.95 | 30 (81.1%) | 1.76 ± 0.74 | 52 (65.8%) |
| Vitamin B8 (µg) | 1.96 ± 10.18 | 1 (2.0%) | 0 | 0 | 1.23 ± 3.99 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vitamin B9 (µg) | 99.59 ± 36.36 | 51 (100%) | 78.44 ± 29.43 | 90 (100%) | 94.39 ± 31.14 | 37 (100%) | 82.75 ± 32.12 | 79 (100%) |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.97 ± 5.34 | 47 (92.2%) | 5.10 ± 5.52 | 73 (81.1%) | 6.02 ± 5.18 | 32 (86.5%) | 6.81 ± 9.67 | 62 (78.5%) |
| SFAs (g/day) | 27.54 ± 11.76 | 51 (100%) | 25.12 ± 9.89 | 89 (98.9%) | 26.84 ± 11.55 | 36 (97.3%) | 25.66 ± 11.16 | 79 (100%) |
| MUFAs (g/day) | 33.04 ± 11.20 | 50 (98.0%) | 30.53 ± 12.01 | 87 (96.7%) | 31.24 ± 12.88 | 36 (97.3%) | 29.48 ± 12.36 | 76 (96.2%) |
| PUFAs (g/day) | 9.86 ± 5.74 | 17 (33.3%) | 7.61 ± 3.50 | 20 (22.2%) | 8.88 ± 4.94 | 12 (32.4%) | 7.51 ± 3.78 | 16 (20.3%) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/day) | 466.75 ± 200.82 | 40 (78.4%) | 367.69 ± 148.22 | 54 (60.0%) | 434.92 ± 188.84 | 27 (73.0%) | 422.07 ± 188.73 | 59 (74.7%) |
| Fibre (g/day) | 13.41 ± 6.04 | 50 (98.0%) | 12.96 ± 5.36 | 89 (98.9%) | 14.77 ± 6.95 | 35 (94.6%) | 13.45 ± 5.78 | 74 (93.7%) |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 4.81 ± 11.43 ** | 2 (3.9%) | 3.13 ± 7.94 ** | 1 (1.1%) | 0.29 ± 1.26 | 0 | 0.44 ± 1.89 | 0 |
Data are mean values ± SDs and percentages; DRIs, Dietary reference intakes; SFAs, Saturated fatty acids; MUFAs, Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; ** Student’s t-test according to Christian or Muslim religion; p < 0.001.