Table A3.
Results of regressions with different confounding variables on early development of children in rural Guizhou province.
| Independent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | Coefficient (95% CI) |
p-Value | |
| Panel A: Cognition score | ||||||
| Prenatal exposure to ETS (Yes = 1; No = 0) | −3.41 (−6.32, −0.50) |
0.02 | −2.71 (−5.47, 0.04) |
0.05 | −3.00 (−5.82, -0.18) |
0.04 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Frequency of prenatal exposure to ETS | −0.33 (−0.78, 0.12) |
0.14 | −0.32 (−0.78, 0.15) |
0.17 | −0.33 (−0.79, 0.12) |
0.14 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Panel B: Language score | ||||||
| Prenatal exposure to ETS (Yes = 1; No = 0) |
−2.97 (−5.82, −0.12) |
0.04 | −2.61 (−5.42, 0.12) |
0.07 | −2.89 (−5.74, −0.04) |
0.05 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Frequency of prenatal exposure to ETS | −0.48 (−0.86, −0.11) |
0.01 | −0.45 (−0.83, −0.07) |
0.02 | −0.46 (−0.83, −0.09) |
0.02 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Panel C: Motor score | ||||||
| Prenatal exposure to ETS (Yes = 1; No = 0) |
−0.32 (−0.70, 0.08) |
0.11 | −0.26 (−0.71, 0.18) |
0.24 | −0.28 (−0.72, 0.16) |
0.20 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Frequency of prenatal exposure to ETS | −0.32 (−0.70, 0.08) |
0.11 | −0.26 (−0.71, 0.18) |
0.24 | −0.28 (−0.72, 0.16) |
0.20 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Panel D: Social emotion score | ||||||
| Prenatal exposure to ETS (Yes = 1; No = 0) |
−0.87 (−3.28, 1.54) |
0.47 | −0.74 (−3.04, 1.56) |
0.52 | −0.91 (−3.18, 1.36) |
0.43 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
| Frequency of prenatal exposure to ETS | −0.0001 (−0.36, 0.36) |
1.00 | −0.006 (−0.31, 0.32) |
0.97 | −0.13 (−0.34, 0.32) |
0.94 |
| Child characteristics | Y | N | N | |||
| Mother characteristics | N | Y | N | |||
| Household characteristics | N | N | Y | |||
| Constant | Y | Y | Y | |||
Data source: Authors’ survey; Notes: Y denotes that these confounding variables are included in the regression; N denotes that these confounding variables are not included in the regression. Child characteristics: gender, age in month, and low birth weight (yes/no); Mother characteristics: age, and education attainment; Household characteristics: mother is the primary caregiver (yes/no), and family income in the last year.