Table 5.
Heavy metal and metalloid pollution in vegetables and rice (mg/kg).
| City | Sampling Site | Sampling Period | Common Name | Scientific Name | Sample No | As | Pb | Cd | Cr | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dhaka | Surrounding DEPZ |
January2005 to February 2006 | Egg plant | Solanum melongena | 12 | NA | 11.97 (2.17–21.14) | 2.91 (0.82–4.85) | 6.27 (1.19–11.47) | [92] |
| Chilli | Capsicum annuum L. | 10 | NA | 13.81 (9.12–18.55) | 2.18 (1.27–3.50) | 3.70 (2.94–4.61) | ||||
| Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | 13 | NA | 14.15 (7.89–20.54) | 2.39 (0.89–3.70) | 9.03 (7.67–10.39) | ||||
| Lady’s finger | Abelmoschus esculentus | 11 | NA | 15.72 (9.88–24.65) | 2.81 (1.03–4.65) | 6.64 (2.28–11.84) | ||||
| Cabbage | Brassica oleracea | 13 | NA | 22.09 (17.35–26.34) | 2.05 (1.05–3.10) | 7.58 (6.10–8.74) | ||||
| Dhaka | Surrounding Hazaribagh leather industrial area of Dhaka city | NA | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | 4 | 0.26±0.22 | 11.48 ± 4.98 | 0.32 ± 0.094 | 44.48 ± 12.59 | [27] |
| Dhaka | Kawran Bazar (market-based study) | NA | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | NA | NA | 0.00–0.025 | 0.00–0.001 | 0.01–0.02 | [97] |
| Red amaranth | Amaranthus gangeticus L. | NA | NA | 0.00–0.044 | 0.00–0.001 | NA | ||||
| Rice | Oryza sativa | 10 | 0.00–0.70 | 0.00–0.08 | 0.003–1.616 | 0.00–0.01 | ||||
| Dhaka | Surrounding the Turag river | February–March 2010 | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | 6 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.32 | [96] |
| Bottle gourd | Lagenaria siceraria | 6 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.15 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.24 | ||||
| Brinjal | Solanum melongena | 6 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 1.02 ± 0.27 | ||||
| Pumpkin | Cucurbita maxima | 6 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 1.45 ± 0.38 | ||||
| Green amaranth | Amaranthus viridis L. | 6 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.54 ± 0.56 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 2.28 ± 0.60 | ||||
| Red amaranth | Amaranthus paniculatus L. | 6 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 1.99 ± 0.44 | 0.84 ± 0.17 | 2.13 ± 0.56 | ||||
| Chilli | Capsicum annuum L. | 6 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 1.23 ± 0.32 | ||||
| Banana | Musa sp. | 6 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 1.27 ± 0.34 | ||||
| Whole country | Markets | Brinjal | Solanum melongena | 12 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.011 | 0.041 ± 0.032 | 0.497 ± 0.029 | [98] | |
| Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | 12 | 0.006 ± 0.002 | 0.005 ± 0.004 | 0.056 ± 0.004 | 0.795 ± 0.059 | ||||
| Potato | Solanum tuberosum | 12 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.007 ± 0.006 | 0.013 ± 0.007 | 0.528 ± 0.051 | ||||
| Green chili | Capsicum annuum | 12 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.005 | 0.023 ± 0.011 | 0.650 ± 0.039 | ||||
| Bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 12 | 0.018 ± 0.007 | 0.057 ± 0.050 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 1.110 ± 0.054 | ||||
| Banana | Musa acuminata | 12 | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.317 ± 0.012 | ||||||
| Carrot | Daucus carota | 12 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.029 ± 0.025 | 0.023 ± 0.003 | 0.296 ± 0.021 | ||||
| Pabna | Pakshi (6) | NA | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | NA | <0.1 | 0.377 ± 0.02 | <0.1 | <0.1 | [37] |
| Red amaranth | Amaranthus cruentus | NA | <0.1 | 1.036 ± 0.01 | <0.1 | <0.1 | ||||
| Green amaranth | Spinach amaranth | NA | <0.1 | 1.596 ± 0.01 | <0.1 | <0.1 | ||||
| Carrot | Daucus carota | NA | <0.1 | 0.304 ± 0.01 | <0.1 | <0.1 | ||||
| Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | NA | <0.1 | 0.161 ± 0.01 | <0.1 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | ||||
| Cabbage | Brassica oleracea | NA | <0.1 | 0.119 ± 0.01 | <0.1 | 0.495 ± 0.01 | ||||
| Brinjal | Solanum melongena | NA | <0.1 | 0.465 ± 0.01 | <0.1 | 0.436 ± 0.01 | ||||
| Brahmanbaria | Matlab (household study) 13 | Amaranth | Amaranthus | 13 household | 0.0228 ± 0.0037 | NA | 0.033 ± 0.001 | NA | [90] | |
| Bitter gourd | Momordica charantia | 13 household | 0.0031 ± 0.0026 | NA | 0.0211± 0.0005 | NA | ||||
| Eggplant | Solanum melongena | 13 household | 0.007 ± 0.003 | NA | 0.027± 0.0018 | NA | ||||
| Chittagong | Industrial Area (Vatiary) | NA | Water Spinach | Ipomoea aquatica | NA | NA | 0.73 ± 0.009 | NA | 3.21 ± 0.023 | [93] |
| Bottle gourd | Lagenaria siceraria | NA | NA | 1.16 ± 0.001 | NA | 0.22 ± 0.008 | ||||
| Patuakhali | Surrounding the Paira river | August−September 2012 | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | 10 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.07± 0.07 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | [99] |
| Potato | Solanum tuberosum | 10 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.1± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Green amaranth | Amaranthus hybridus | 10 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 0.3± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Red amaranth | Amaranthus gangeticus L. | 10 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Brinjal | Solanum melongena | 10 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Bottle gourd | Lagenaria siceraria | 10 | 0.8 ± 2.5 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Chili | Capsicum annuum L. | 10 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Carrot | Daucus carota | 10 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Onion | Allium cepa | 10 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Bean | Phaseolus vulgaris | 10 | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 1.9 | 0.08 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Gazipur | Surrounding the roadside of Joydebpur | Distance from highway 0 m | Bottle gourd | Lagenaria siceraria | NA | 3 | 3.43 ± 0.15 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | NA | [95] |
| Distance from highway 100 m | Bottle gourd | Lagenaria siceraria | NA | 3 | 2.38 ± 0.13 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | NA | |||
| Distance from highway 0 m | Pumpkin | Cucurbita maxima | NA | 3 | 4.76 ± 1.03 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | NA | |||
| Distance from highway 100 m | Pumpkin | Cucurbita maxima | NA | 3 | 2.13 ± 0.12 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | NA | |||
| Standards | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 2.3 | [91] |
Notes: NA, not applicable/reported.