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. 2018 Nov 7;7(4):98. doi: 10.3390/plants7040098

Table 1.

Flavonoid classes and content in horticultural crops. Types and amounts of flavonoid are reported either from the USDA database (USDA; https://www.ars.usda.gov/) [15] or from literature. USDA source refers specifically to flavonoid content evaluated by column chromatography or HPLC analyses and are expressed as mg/100 g FW of edible portion. The literature source refers to either HPLC or spectrophotometric quantifications, with the aim to provide further information on flavonoid amounts and the total flavonoid content in horticultural crops. TFC: total flavonoid content. NA: not available.

Family Scientific Name/Common Name Class of Flavonoids Types and Content of Flavonoids (mg·100 g−1 FW, from USDA) Types and Content of Flavonoids (Other Sources)
Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea var. acefala/
Kale
Flavonols Isorhamnetin 23.60
Kaempferol 46.80
Quercetin 22.58
Isorhamnetin 60 mg/Kg FW
Kaempferol 24 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 25 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Brassica oleracea var. capitata/
Cabbage
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 0.28
Kaempferol, 0.18
Luteolin, 0.10
Apigenin, 0.02
TFC 40 mg QE/g FW
Kaempferol 31 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 33 mg/Kg FW
[16,17]
Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra/
Red Cabbage
Flavonols
Flavones
Anthocyanins
Quercetin, 0.36
Myricetin, 0.20
Luteolin, 0.10
Apigenin, 0.06
Cyanidin, 209.83
Delphinidin, 0.10
Pelargonidin, 0.02
TFC 842 mg CE/Kg FW
TFC 74 mg QE/g FW
Cyanidin 40–750 mg/Kg FW
[17,18,19]
Brassica rapa var. Pekinensis/
Chinese cabbage
Flavonols Kaempferol, 22.51 TFC 57 mg QE/g FW
Kaempferol 33 mg/Kg FW
Isorhamnetin 46 mg/Kg FW
[16,17]
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Cauliflower
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 0.54
Kaempferol, 0.36
Luteolin, 0.09
Apigenin, 0.03
TFC 267.21 mg CE/100 g DW
Isorhamnetin 40 mg/Kg FW
Kaempferol 7 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 2 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 13 mg/Kg FW
Apigenin 5 mg/Kg FW
[16,20]
Brassica rapa/
Turnip
Flavonols Kaempferol, 11.87
Quercetin, 0.73
Isorhamnetin glycosides 2–5 mg/Kg DW (stem/leaves)
Isorhamnetin glycosides 6.5 mg/Kg DW (flower buds)
[21]
Raphanus sativus/
Radish
Flavonols
Anthocyanins
Kaempferol, 0.86
Pelargonidin, 63.13
TFC 179 mg CE/Kg FW
TFC 60–96 mg/g DW
Pelargonidin glycosides 1.80 mg/g DW
Kaempferol 4 mg/Kg FW
[16,18,22]
Brassica oleracea var. italica/
Broccoli
Flavonols
Flavones
Kaempferol, 7.84
Quercetin, 3.26
Luteolin, 0.80
Myricetin, 0.06
Kaempferol 21 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 5 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 0.03–10.85 mg/100 g FW
Kaempferol 0.24–13.20 mg/100 g FW
[16,23]
Liliaceae Allium cepa/
Onion
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 20.30
Isorhamnetin, 5.01
Kaempferol, 0.65
Myricetin, 0.03
TFC 270–1187 mg/Kg FW
TFC 170 mg CE/Kg FW
(mostly quecetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives)
Kaemfperol 41 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 14 mg/Kg DW
Apigenin 26 mg/Kg FW
[16,18,24]
Allium cepa/
Red onion
Flavonols
Flavones
Anthocyanins
Quercetin, 39.21
Isorhamnetin, 4.58
Myricetin, 2.16
Kaempferol, 0.70
Apigenin, 0.24
Luteolin, 0.16
Delphinidin, 4.28
Cyanidin, 3.19
Peonidin, 2.07
Pelargonidin, 0.02
TFC 415–1917 mg/Kg FW
Total Anthocyanins 39–240 mg/Kg FW (mostly cyanidin glycosides)
Kaempferol 48 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 10 mg/Kg FW
Apigenin 34 mg/Kg FW
[16,24]
Allium ampeloprasum/
Leek
Flavonols
Flavones
Kaempferol, 2.67
Myricetin, 0.22
Quercetin, 0.09
Quercetin 1.56 mg/g DW
Rutin 1.04 mg/g DW
Kaempferol 118 mg/Kg DW
Quercetin 9 mg/KG FW
Luteolin 33 mg/Kg FW
[16,25]
Allium sativum/
Garlic
Flavonols Quercetin, 1.74
Myricetin, 1.61
Kaempferol, 0.26
TFC 100 mg/g aged extract; 47 mg/g fresh extract
TFC 94 mg/g aged extract; 43 mg/g fresh extract
[26]
Asparagus officinalis/
Asparagus
Flavonols Quercetin, 13.98
Ishoramnetin, 5.70
Kaempferol, 1.39
TFC 4.7 mg RE/g DW
[27]
Apiaceae Daucus carota/
Carrot
Flavonols
Flavones
Kaempferol, 0.24
Quercetin, 0.21
Luteolin, 0.11
TFC 4.7–9.9 mg QE/100 g FW
Isorhamnetin 41 mg/Kg FW
Kaemfperol 5 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 9 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 22 mg/Kg FW
[16,28]
Daucus carota spp. sativus var. atrorubens/
Purple carrot
Anthocyanins NA Total anthocyanins 1.5–17.7 mg Cy3GE/100 g FW (mostly cyanidin, pelargonidin and peonidin galactosides)
[29]
Apium graveolens/
Celery
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 0.39
Kaempferol, 0.22
Apigenin, 2.85
Luteolin, 1.05
Kaempferol 5 mg/Kg FW
Apigenin 139 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 23 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Petroselinum crispum/
Parsley
Flavonols
Flavones
Myricetin, 14.84
Kaempferol, 1.49
Quercetin, 0.28
Apigenin, 215.46
Luteolin, 1.09
TFC 14 mg QE/g DW
Kaempferol 18 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 5 mg/Kg FW
Isorhamnetin 11 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 14 mg/Kg FW
Apigenin 4 mg/Kg FW
[16,30]
Coriandrum sativum/
Coriander
Flavonols Quercetin, 52.90 Quercetin 19 mg/Kg FW
Isorhamnetin 13 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Asteraceae Lactuca sativa/
Lettuce
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 4.16
Myricetin, 0.07
Apigenin, 0.13
Luteolin, 0.26
Quercetin 32.2 mg/Kg FW
Isorhamnetin 12 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 2 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Cynara cardunculus/
Cardoon
NA TFC 7 mg CE/g DW (stem)
[31]
Cynara scolymus/
Artichoke
FlavanonesFlavones Naringenin, 12.50
Apigenin, 7.48
Luteolin, 2.30
TFC 13 mg CE/g DW (stem)
[31]
Chicorium endivia/
Endive
Flavonols
Flavones
Kaempferol, 10.10 Quercetin 30 mg/Kg FW
Isorhamnetin 7 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 9 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Chicorium intybus/
Chicory
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 6.49
Kaempferol, 2.45
Luteolin, 2.08
Apigenin, 0.77
TFC 20–120 mg CE/Kg FW
[32]
Labiateae Ocimum basilicum/
Basil
NA TFC 12 mg QE/g DW
[30]
Salvia officinalis/
Sage
Flavones Luteolin, 16.70
Apigenin, 1.20
Chenopodiaceae Spinacia oleracea
/Spinach
Flavonols
Flavones
Kaempferol, 6.38
Quercetin, 3.97
Myricetin, 0.35
Luteolin, 0.74
TFC 1800–3700 mg/Kg FW
Kaempferol 9 mg/Kg FW
[16,33]
Beta vulgaris/
Chard
Flavonols Kaempferol, 5.80
Myricetin, 3.10
Quercetin, 2.20
TFC 12 mg QE/g DW
[30]
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas/
Purple sweet potato
Anthocyanins Cyanidin, 10.60
Delphinidin, 0.90
Pelargonidin, 0.02
TFC 1.87–3.95 mg QE/g DW
[34]
Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum/
Tomato
Flavanones
Flavonols
Naringenin, 0.68
Quercetin, 0.58
Myricetin, 0.13
Kaempferol, 0.09
TFC 4–26 mg/100 g FW
Kaempferol 8 mg/Kg FW
[16,35]
Solanum tuberosum/
Potato
Flavonols Quercetin, 0.49 TFC 153 mg CE/Kg FW
Kaempferol 46 mg/Kg FW
Quercetin 4 mg/Kg FW
Isorhamnetin 19 mg/Kg FW
[16,18]
Caspicum annuum/
Green sweet pepper
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 2.21
Kaempferol, 0.06
Luteolin, 4.71
Luteolin 2.6 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Caspicum frutescens/
Green hot chilli pepper
Flavonols
Flavones
Quercetin, 14.70
Myricetin, 1.20
Luteolin, 3.87
Apigenin, 1.40
TFC 27 mg CE/100 g FW
Quercetin 2 mg/Kg FW
Luteolin 25 mg/Kg FW
Apigenin 5 mg/Kg FW
[16,36]
Solanum melongena/
Aubergine
Anthocyanins Delphinidin, 85.69 Rutin 9 µg/mg DW (fruit skin)
Delphinidin-3-rutinoside 1200 µg/mg DW (fruit skin)
[37]
Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo/
Courgette
Flavonols Quercetin, 0.66 Isorhamnetin 15 mg/Kg FW
[16]
Cucurbita spp./
Pumpkin
Flavonols
Flavones
Luteolin, 1.63 TFC 20–40 mg QE/g FW
Isorhamnetin 35 mg/Kg FW
Kempferol 23 mg/Kg DW
Luteolin 18 mg/Kg DW
Apigenin 9 mg/Kg DW
[16,38]