Table 1.
Flavonoid classes and content in horticultural crops. Types and amounts of flavonoid are reported either from the USDA database (USDA; https://www.ars.usda.gov/) [15] or from literature. USDA source refers specifically to flavonoid content evaluated by column chromatography or HPLC analyses and are expressed as mg/100 g FW of edible portion. The literature source refers to either HPLC or spectrophotometric quantifications, with the aim to provide further information on flavonoid amounts and the total flavonoid content in horticultural crops. TFC: total flavonoid content. NA: not available.
| Family | Scientific Name/Common Name | Class of Flavonoids | Types and Content of Flavonoids (mg·100 g−1 FW, from USDA) | Types and Content of Flavonoids (Other Sources) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brassicaceae |
Brassica oleracea var. acefala/ Kale |
Flavonols | Isorhamnetin 23.60 Kaempferol 46.80 Quercetin 22.58 |
Isorhamnetin 60 mg/Kg FW Kaempferol 24 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 25 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
Brassica oleracea var. capitata/ Cabbage |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 0.28 Kaempferol, 0.18 Luteolin, 0.10 Apigenin, 0.02 |
TFC 40 mg QE/g FW Kaempferol 31 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 33 mg/Kg FW [16,17] |
|
|
Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra/ Red Cabbage |
Flavonols Flavones Anthocyanins |
Quercetin, 0.36 Myricetin, 0.20 Luteolin, 0.10 Apigenin, 0.06 Cyanidin, 209.83 Delphinidin, 0.10 Pelargonidin, 0.02 |
TFC 842 mg CE/Kg FW TFC 74 mg QE/g FW Cyanidin 40–750 mg/Kg FW [17,18,19] |
|
|
Brassica rapa var. Pekinensis/ Chinese cabbage |
Flavonols | Kaempferol, 22.51 | TFC 57 mg QE/g FW Kaempferol 33 mg/Kg FW Isorhamnetin 46 mg/Kg FW [16,17] |
|
|
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Cauliflower |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 0.54 Kaempferol, 0.36 Luteolin, 0.09 Apigenin, 0.03 |
TFC 267.21 mg CE/100 g DW Isorhamnetin 40 mg/Kg FW Kaempferol 7 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 2 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 13 mg/Kg FW Apigenin 5 mg/Kg FW [16,20] |
|
|
Brassica rapa/ Turnip |
Flavonols | Kaempferol, 11.87 Quercetin, 0.73 |
Isorhamnetin glycosides 2–5 mg/Kg DW (stem/leaves) Isorhamnetin glycosides 6.5 mg/Kg DW (flower buds) [21] |
|
|
Raphanus sativus/ Radish |
Flavonols Anthocyanins |
Kaempferol, 0.86 Pelargonidin, 63.13 |
TFC 179 mg CE/Kg FW TFC 60–96 mg/g DW Pelargonidin glycosides 1.80 mg/g DW Kaempferol 4 mg/Kg FW [16,18,22] |
|
|
Brassica oleracea var. italica/ Broccoli |
Flavonols Flavones |
Kaempferol, 7.84 Quercetin, 3.26 Luteolin, 0.80 Myricetin, 0.06 |
Kaempferol 21 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 5 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 0.03–10.85 mg/100 g FW Kaempferol 0.24–13.20 mg/100 g FW [16,23] |
|
| Liliaceae |
Allium cepa/ Onion |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 20.30 Isorhamnetin, 5.01 Kaempferol, 0.65 Myricetin, 0.03 |
TFC 270–1187 mg/Kg FW TFC 170 mg CE/Kg FW (mostly quecetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives) Kaemfperol 41 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 14 mg/Kg DW Apigenin 26 mg/Kg FW [16,18,24] |
|
Allium cepa/ Red onion |
Flavonols Flavones Anthocyanins |
Quercetin, 39.21 Isorhamnetin, 4.58 Myricetin, 2.16 Kaempferol, 0.70 Apigenin, 0.24 Luteolin, 0.16 Delphinidin, 4.28 Cyanidin, 3.19 Peonidin, 2.07 Pelargonidin, 0.02 |
TFC 415–1917 mg/Kg FW Total Anthocyanins 39–240 mg/Kg FW (mostly cyanidin glycosides) Kaempferol 48 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 10 mg/Kg FW Apigenin 34 mg/Kg FW [16,24] |
|
|
Allium ampeloprasum/ Leek |
Flavonols Flavones |
Kaempferol, 2.67 Myricetin, 0.22 Quercetin, 0.09 |
Quercetin 1.56 mg/g DW Rutin 1.04 mg/g DW Kaempferol 118 mg/Kg DW Quercetin 9 mg/KG FW Luteolin 33 mg/Kg FW [16,25] |
|
|
Allium sativum/ Garlic |
Flavonols | Quercetin, 1.74 Myricetin, 1.61 Kaempferol, 0.26 |
TFC 100 mg/g aged extract; 47 mg/g fresh extract TFC 94 mg/g aged extract; 43 mg/g fresh extract [26] |
|
|
Asparagus officinalis/ Asparagus |
Flavonols | Quercetin, 13.98 Ishoramnetin, 5.70 Kaempferol, 1.39 |
TFC 4.7 mg RE/g DW [27] |
|
| Apiaceae |
Daucus carota/ Carrot |
Flavonols Flavones |
Kaempferol, 0.24 Quercetin, 0.21 Luteolin, 0.11 |
TFC 4.7–9.9 mg QE/100 g FW Isorhamnetin 41 mg/Kg FW Kaemfperol 5 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 9 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 22 mg/Kg FW [16,28] |
|
Daucus carota spp. sativus var. atrorubens/ Purple carrot |
Anthocyanins | NA | Total anthocyanins 1.5–17.7 mg Cy3GE/100 g FW (mostly cyanidin, pelargonidin and peonidin galactosides) [29] |
|
|
Apium graveolens/ Celery |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 0.39 Kaempferol, 0.22 Apigenin, 2.85 Luteolin, 1.05 |
Kaempferol 5 mg/Kg FW Apigenin 139 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 23 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
|
Petroselinum crispum/ Parsley |
Flavonols Flavones |
Myricetin, 14.84 Kaempferol, 1.49 Quercetin, 0.28 Apigenin, 215.46 Luteolin, 1.09 |
TFC 14 mg QE/g DW Kaempferol 18 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 5 mg/Kg FW Isorhamnetin 11 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 14 mg/Kg FW Apigenin 4 mg/Kg FW [16,30] |
|
|
Coriandrum sativum/ Coriander |
Flavonols | Quercetin, 52.90 | Quercetin 19 mg/Kg FW Isorhamnetin 13 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
| Asteraceae |
Lactuca sativa/ Lettuce |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 4.16 Myricetin, 0.07 Apigenin, 0.13 Luteolin, 0.26 |
Quercetin 32.2 mg/Kg FW Isorhamnetin 12 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 2 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
Cynara cardunculus/ Cardoon |
NA | TFC 7 mg CE/g DW (stem) [31] |
||
|
Cynara scolymus/ Artichoke |
FlavanonesFlavones | Naringenin, 12.50 Apigenin, 7.48 Luteolin, 2.30 |
TFC 13 mg CE/g DW (stem) [31] |
|
|
Chicorium endivia/ Endive |
Flavonols Flavones |
Kaempferol, 10.10 | Quercetin 30 mg/Kg FW Isorhamnetin 7 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 9 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
|
Chicorium intybus/ Chicory |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 6.49 Kaempferol, 2.45 Luteolin, 2.08 Apigenin, 0.77 |
TFC 20–120 mg CE/Kg FW [32] |
|
| Labiateae |
Ocimum basilicum/ Basil |
NA | TFC 12 mg QE/g DW [30] |
|
|
Salvia officinalis/ Sage |
Flavones | Luteolin, 16.70 Apigenin, 1.20 |
||
| Chenopodiaceae |
Spinacia oleracea /Spinach |
Flavonols Flavones |
Kaempferol, 6.38 Quercetin, 3.97 Myricetin, 0.35 Luteolin, 0.74 |
TFC 1800–3700 mg/Kg FW Kaempferol 9 mg/Kg FW [16,33] |
|
Beta vulgaris/ Chard |
Flavonols | Kaempferol, 5.80 Myricetin, 3.10 Quercetin, 2.20 |
TFC 12 mg QE/g DW [30] |
|
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea batatas/ Purple sweet potato |
Anthocyanins | Cyanidin, 10.60 Delphinidin, 0.90 Pelargonidin, 0.02 |
TFC 1.87–3.95 mg QE/g DW [34] |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum lycopersicum/ Tomato |
Flavanones Flavonols |
Naringenin, 0.68 Quercetin, 0.58 Myricetin, 0.13 Kaempferol, 0.09 |
TFC 4–26 mg/100 g FW Kaempferol 8 mg/Kg FW [16,35] |
|
Solanum tuberosum/ Potato |
Flavonols | Quercetin, 0.49 | TFC 153 mg CE/Kg FW Kaempferol 46 mg/Kg FW Quercetin 4 mg/Kg FW Isorhamnetin 19 mg/Kg FW [16,18] |
|
|
Caspicum annuum/ Green sweet pepper |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 2.21 Kaempferol, 0.06 Luteolin, 4.71 |
Luteolin 2.6 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
|
Caspicum frutescens/ Green hot chilli pepper |
Flavonols Flavones |
Quercetin, 14.70 Myricetin, 1.20 Luteolin, 3.87 Apigenin, 1.40 |
TFC 27 mg CE/100 g FW Quercetin 2 mg/Kg FW Luteolin 25 mg/Kg FW Apigenin 5 mg/Kg FW [16,36] |
|
|
Solanum melongena/ Aubergine |
Anthocyanins | Delphinidin, 85.69 | Rutin 9 µg/mg DW (fruit skin) Delphinidin-3-rutinoside 1200 µg/mg DW (fruit skin) [37] |
|
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbita pepo/ Courgette |
Flavonols | Quercetin, 0.66 | Isorhamnetin 15 mg/Kg FW [16] |
|
Cucurbita spp./ Pumpkin |
Flavonols Flavones |
Luteolin, 1.63 | TFC 20–40 mg QE/g FW Isorhamnetin 35 mg/Kg FW Kempferol 23 mg/Kg DW Luteolin 18 mg/Kg DW Apigenin 9 mg/Kg DW [16,38] |