Table 3.

Frequency/duration of mobile phone use: summary of main results.

Outcomes	Study Designs and Citations
• Depression	L: [26,268,269] CS: [29,53,113,139,140,239,244,264,269] NA: [74,75]
• Sleep problems, lower sleep quality	L: [268,269,274] CS: [117,149,187,269]
• Later bedtimes, shorter sleep	CS: [103,113,117,228]
• Tiredness, reduced daytime function	CS: [65,113,117,187,228]
• Lower mental well-being	CS: [227] NA: [37]
• Stress	L: [268] CS: [269]
• Anxiety	CS: [29,162]

L = Longitudinal, CS = Cross-sectional, NA = Negative association. In crude, but not in adjusted, analyses: reference 53, 149. In subgroup of older women: reference 140.