Table 4.

Bedtime mobile phone use: summary of main results.

Outcomes	Study Designs and Citations
• Sleep problems	CS: [5,14,79,85,97,144,199,202,205,235,269,293]
• Lower sleep quality/efficiency	CS: [5,32,53,71,79,82,83,167,202,205]
• Longer sleep onset latency	CS: [53,79,112,223,293]
• Poor sleep behavior	L: [286] CS: [286]
• Later bedtimes	CS: [16,22,31,82,85,88,93,223,263]
• Shorter sleep	CS: [14,15,22,36,71,82,86,148,161,202,210]
• Tiredness, reduced daytime function	L: [148] CS: [79,86,93,112,121,202,223,235,242,248,277,293]
• Depression	CS: [161,210,242,269,286]

L = Longitudinal, CS = Cross-sectional.