Table 5.

Problematic mobile phone use: summary of main results.

Outcomes	Study Designs and Citations
• Depression	L: [123] (bidirectional) CS: [7,18,39,42,62,80,89,90,94,98,100,105,123,130,131,168,180,184,185,189,214,244,251,256,267,269,282,290] NA: [50,57,74,75]
• Anxiety	CS: [7,39,42,50,62,67,68,74,75,76,80,89,100,108,115,135,157,180,184,189,198,214,245,267] NA: [185]
• Sleep problems	L: [269] CS: [7,32,115,269]
• Lower sleep quality	L: [156] CS: [38,39,62,80,110,195,240]
• Shorter sleep	CS: [110,130,179,289]
• Stress	CS: [18,46,89,105,106,116,131,143,180,243,269,280,285]
• Lower mental wellbeing	CS: [20,23,76,80,127,237]
• Other behavioral addictions	CS: [12,19,43,45,50,52,63,78,100,105,118,126,127,145,146,154,178,186,188,198,217,236,245,266]

L = Longitudinal, CS = Cross-sectional, NA = Negative association.