. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Oct 26;220(1):87.e1–87.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.10.031

Table 1:

Baseline Participant Characteristics, by Intervention Assignment

	Yoga Group (N=28)	Control Group (N=28)	P-value^a
Demographic history
Age in years
Mean age	65.5 (±9.1)	66.6 (±6.8)	0.61
Age ≥ 65	12 (43%)	16 (57%)	0.28
Race/ethnicity			0.96
Non-Latina White	18 (64%)	17 (60%)
Latina White	1 (3.6%)	1 (3.6%)
Asian/Asian-American	4 (14.3%)	6 (21%)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	2 (7.1%)	2 (7.1%)
Unknown	3 (11%)	2 (7.1%)
Married	10 (36%)	11 (39%)	0.78
Gynecologic history
Oophorectomy	7 (25%)	3 (11%)	0.16
Hysterectomy	5 (18%)	1 (3.6%)	0.08
General medical history
Diabetes	0 (0%)	2 (7.4%)	0.14
Heart disease	1 (3.6%)	3 (11%)	0.28
Lung disease	7 (25%)	5 (19%)	0.56
Arthritis	14 (50%)	14 (52%)	0.89
Health-related habits
Current cigarette smoker	2 (7.1%)	1 (3.6%)	0.55
≥1 alcoholic beverage per week	14 (50%)	12 (43%)	0.67
Physical and mental function scores
PROMIS Adult Physical Function Profile	13.8 (±5.5)	13.6 (±5.0)	0.90
Short Physical Performance Battery	11.5 (±1.2)	11.1 (±0.9)	0.19
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale	10.0 (±8.6)	9.7 (±9.1)	0.89
Physical exam measures
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.8 (±4.8)	27.7 (±4.8)	0.47
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	123.4 (±13.4)	130.4 (±15.9)	0.08
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	72.8 (±10.0)	73.2 (±7.5)	0.84
Clinical incontinence type			0.71
Urgency or urgency-predominant	18 (64%)	19 (68%)
Stress or stress-predominant	10 (36%)	9 (32%)
Equally mixed stress-and-urge	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Incontinence frequency (episodes/day)
Total Incontinence	3.8 (±1.6)	3.1 (±2.3)	0.22
Urgency Incontinence	2.1 (±1.8)	2.3 (±2.3)	0.81
Stress Incontinence	1.4 (±1.5)	0.7 (±1.1)	0.11
Incontinence duration			0.37
Less than 1 year	2 (7.1%)	2 (7.1%)
1 to 4 years	9 (32%)	14 (50%)
5 years or more	17 (30%)	12 (43%)
Urinary symptom questionnaire scores
Incontinence Impact Questionnaire	117.9 (±82.1)	133.9 (±92.3)	0.50
Urogenital Distress Inventory-6	34.5 (±16.4)	36.5 (±19.5)	0.68
Patient Perception of Bladder Condition	3.4 (±1.0)	3.3 (±1.1)	0.80

Data are presented as mean (± standard deviation), number (percentage), or range.

P-values were calculated using t-tests or chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate.

Data were missing for 1 participant for arthritis, 1 for diabetes, 1 for heart disease, 1 for lung disease, 1 for systolic blood pressure, and 1 for diastolic blood pressure.