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. 2018 Nov 3;25(1):30–41. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gay046

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Normalising the lactate integral for sperm concentration and plotting against substrate concentration showed that sperm metabolism was not limited by substrate availability as tested by Kruskal–Wallis. Sperm were tested over a 4 h incubation (n = 3) with ¹³C_u-glucose, ¹³C_u-fructose or ¹³C₁-pyruvate (shown in blue, red and green respectively) at 1.8 mM, 3.6 mM, 7.2 mM and 14.4 mM concentrations.