TABLE 2.
Undifferentiated articles (main cognitive and brain outcomes only)
| Citation | Study | Age range, menopausal definition and assessment | Cognitive and brain assessment | Main cognitive and brain outcomes | Category explanation |
| Alwerdt J et al. Menopause. 2016 Aug;23(8):911-918. | • n = 200 • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey• Urinary phytoestrogen (isoflavone and lignan) | • Range = 65-85 y • Menopause undefined | • Digit Symbol Substitution Test | Significant relationship between processing speed and phytoestrogen levels. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM |
| Berent-Spillson A, et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Feb;76:218-225 | • n = 54 • Blood E2 and FSH • Functional neuroimaging | • Range = 42-61 y • Premenopause (regular menstrual cycles and FSH <11 IU/L) • Perimenopause (at least one cycle in the previous year and FSH between 11 and 45 IU/L) • Post menopause (no cycles in previous year and FSH >40 IU/L). | • Exposure to emotional images | BehavioralNone.Neuroimaging All: increased activation of prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, temporal parietal-occipital junction, and hippocampus post> peri>pre. | While menopause stage defined, no information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Bojar I, et al. Arch Med Sci. 2016a Dec 1;12(6):1247-1255. | • n = 402 • Blood FSH and CRP • APOE status | • Range = 50-65 y • 2+ y since LMP • FSH > 30 mIU/mL | • Continuous Performance Test • Finger Tapping Test • Shifting Attention Test • Stroop Test • Symbol Digit Modalities • Verbal Memory Test | APOE status: significant effect on neurocognitive index: APOE e2/e3> e3/e3> ε4 Higher CRP: lower neurocognitive index APOE by CRP interaction. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM |
| Bojar I, et al. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016b;42(3-4):169-185 | • n = 402 • Blood FSH • APOE status | • Range = 50-65 y • 2+ y since LMP • FSH > 30 mIU/mL | Ibid. | ε4 APOE: correlated with worse neurocognitive index. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM |
| Campbell KL, et al. Psychooncology. 2018 Jan;27(1):53-60. | • n = 14 (n = 7 intervention) • Breast cancer survivors • 150 min/wk of moderate to-vigorous aerobic exercise • Tested 3 mo before and after exercise | • Range = 40-65 y • Menopause either spontaneous or chemotherapy-induced • Menopause undefined | Objective• Controlled Oral Word Association Test • HVLT • Revised Trail Making Test • Stroop • Verbal fluency Subjective • Quality of Life questionnaires | Objective Aerobic exercise: significantly improved processing speed compared to usual-lifestyle controls. Subjective None | No information on TofM, TSM or AatM. |
| Chae JW, et al. PloS One. 2016 Oct 4;11(10):e0164204. | • n = 125 • Early-stage breast cancer patients in chemotherapy • Blood Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-6 and SNPs | • Mean = 50.3 y (no range) • 52% pre-menopausal before treatment • Menopause undefined | Objective • Headminder Subjective • Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Cognition scale (FACT-Cog) | Objective None Subjective Significant relationship between perceived cognitive impairment, anxiety/insomnia, and interleukin-6. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Ganz PA, et al. Lancet. 2016 Feb 27;387(10021):857-865. | • n = 1,193 (n = 601 tamoxifen, n = 592 anastrozole) • Hormone-positive breast cancer patients treated with lumpectomy and whole-breast irradiation • Testing session every 6 mo for 6 y | • <60 y and ≥60 y (no means or range) • Menopause undefined | • Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Checklist (subjective cognitive function) • The 12-Item Short Form Health Survey | Tamoxifen or anastrozole: no significant correlation with mental health or cognition. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM |
| Geller EJ, et al. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2017 Mar/Apr;23(2):118-123. | • n = 45 (n = 21 tropsium chloride) • Diagnosed with over-active bladder • Tested at baseline, 1 wk, and 4 wk after tropsium chloride | • Mean = 68 y (no range) • Unclear whether all participants had entered menopause. | • Digit Span • Epworth Sleepiness Scale • HVLT-Revised • Mini Mental Status X • Trail Making Test A and B | HVLT-Revised decreased with increased age (independent of treatment) | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Haring B, et al. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Jun;116(6):921-930.e1. | • n = 6,425 • Women's Health Initiative Study • Median follow-up of 9.11 y • Dietary patterns determined via multiple scales | • Range = 65-79 y • Menopause undefined | • Diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia from medical history | No significant relationship found between dietary patterns and development of mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Katainen RE, et al. Maturitas. 2016 Apr;86:17-24. | • n = 3,189 (n = 1,666 with one or more chronic somatic disease) • Medical history questionnaire | • Range = 41-54 y • Pre-menopausal and early post-menopausal • Menopause undefined • Five age groups for analysis: 41-42, 45-46, 49-50, 51-52, and 53-54 y | • Women's Health Questionnaire (subjective cognitive symptoms) | Chronic somatic diseases correlated positively with climacteric symptoms. Cognitive difficulties associated with cardiovascular, sensory organ, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and dermatological diseases. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Kerschbaum HH, et al. J Neurosci Res. 2017 Jan 2;95(1-2):251-259. | • n = 253 men and women (n = 56 postmenopausal) • Salivary E2 and progesterone | • Range = 18-82 y (postmenopause 54-82 y) • Menopause undefined | • List-Method Directed Forgetting paradigm | Postmenopausal: enhanced retention in forget-cued compared to remember-cued. Salivary E2 levels correlated with item recall in remember-cued. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Kirchheiner K, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016 Apr 1;94(5):1088-1098. | • n = 744 • European study on MRi-guided BRachytherapy in locally Advanced CErvical cancer • Diagnosed with locally advanced cervical cancer • In chemoradiation • Multiple testing sessions over 4 y | • Range = 40-58 y • Menopause undefined | • Quality of Life questionnaire (subjective cognitive function) | Chemoradiation: Cognition subscale ratings reduced for 4 y General quality of life improved after 6 mo and at every follow-up. | No information on TofM, TSM or AatM. |
| Koleck TA, et al. SpringerPlus. 2016;5. 422. | • n = 219 (n = 138 with breast cancer) • On adjuvant therapy • Oxidative stress and DNA repair gene polymorphisms | • Mean = 58.7 y (not greater than 75 y; no range) • Menopause undefined | • Delis Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Interference • Digit Symbol Substitution • Digit Vigilance • Grooved Pegboard • Paired Associates Learning • Rapid Visual Information Processing • Rey Auditory Verbal Learning -Verbal Fluency • Rey Complex Figure • Rivermead Story • Spatial Working Memory • Stockings of Cambridge | One or more oxidative stress and DNA repair gene polymorphisms: association of cognitive function composite Breast cancer survivors: cognitive function positively correlated with greater number of protective polymorphisms. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Koleck TA, et al. Cancer Med. 2017 Feb;6(2):339-348. | • n = 329 • Diagnosed with Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) early-stage breast cancer | • Range = 45-75 y • Menopausal before treatment • Menopause undefined | Ibid. | HER2-positive tumor diagnosis: significantly correlated with poorer verbal and visual working memory compared to HER2-negative. In women with multifocal or centric tumor: poorer verbal memory compared to a single focus tumor. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Labad J, et al. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016 Oct;26(10):1683-1689. | • n = 65 (n = 36 on raloxifene) • Diagnosed with schizophrenia, • On antipsychotic medication • Tested multiple times out to 24 wk • SNP analysis | • Mean = 62 y (no range) • 1+ y since LMP • FSH <20 IU/L | • The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (includes cognitive symptoms) | Homozygous for C allele of Estrogen Receptor 1 gene: correlated with neuropsychopathological improvement. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Patel SK, et al. Clin Neuropsychol. 2017 Nov;31(8):1375-1386. | • n = 53 (n = 26 with newly diagnosed with breast cancer) • Comparing validity of computer-based versus paper-and-pencil tests | • Mean = 63 y (no range) • Menopause undefined | CogState digital tests: • Detection • Identification • One back and One Card Learning tasks Analog tests: • Functional Activities Questionnaire • HVLT • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | Limited convergent validity between analog and digital tests. | No information on TofM, TSM or AatM. |
| Prehn K, et al. Cortex. 2017 Mar 1;27(3):1765-1778. | • n = 37 obese women (n = 18 on caloric restriction) • Tested multiple times out to 4 wks • Structural and functional neuroimaging | • Mean = 61 y (no range) • Menopause undefined | • Auditory Verbal Learning Test • Digit Span • Stroop Test • Trail Making Test • Verbal Fluency | Caloric restriction; improved recognition memory and increased gray matter volume in the inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus. Improved resting-state connectivity of parietal regions No significant differences after 4 wk of weight maintenance | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Strike SC, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016 Feb;71(2):236-242. | • n = 27 (n = 15 on multinutrient supplement) • Tested before and after treatment | • Range = 60-82 y • Menopause undefined | • Motor Screening Task • Paired Associate Learning • Stockings of Cambridge • Verbal Recognition Memory Task | 6 mo of multinutrient treatment: more words remembered and shorter mean latencies compared to placebo. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
| Zhang T, et al. PloS One. 2016 Mar 14;11(3):e0150834. | • n = 1,365 (n = 254 CEE alone, n = 420 on CEE and progesterone) • Women's Health Initiative Memory Study - MRI • Tested yearly for an average of 8 y • Structural neuroimaging | • 65+ y (no range) • Menopause undefined | • Voxel based morphometry | HT: grey matter losses in anterior cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex compared to placebo. | No information on TofM, TSM, or AatM. |
AatM, age at menopause; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; CEE, conjugated equine estrogens; CRP, C-reactive protein; E2, 17β-estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; HT, hormone therapy; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; LMP, last menstrual period; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms; TofM, types of menopause; TSM, time since menopause.