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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ethn Health. 2018 Jul 2;25(8):1115–1131. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1493434

Table 3.

Dietary Intake, Proportion Meeting 2010 Dietary Guidelines, and Diet Quality by Sociodemographic Variables

Education Income Food security Food desert
Dietary Variable <High
school
(n=141)		 High
school
(n=174)		 Some
college
(n=150)		 <$10,000
(n=211)		 $10,000-
$19,999
(n=148)		 ≥$20,000
(n=94)		 Food
insecure
(n=293)		 Food
secure
(n=172)		 Food
desert
(n=382)		 Not food
desert
(n=83)
Fat, % kcals
 Mean 34.79 34.94 34.05 35.25 34.73 32.52 35.28 33.46 34.46 35.31
 (SD) (10.65) (9.28) (8.96) (9.78) (10.05) (8.25) (9.73) (9.31) (9.72) (9.10)
 % Met Guideline 43.97 50.00 47.33 47.39 44.59 55.32 44.37 52.33 48.19 47.12
Saturated fat, % kcals
 Mean 10.99 11.38 10.96 11.23 11.23 10.51 11.41 10.65 11.01 11.66
 (SD) (4.55) (3.77) (4.05) (4.26) (4.02) (3.65) (4.18) (3.95) (4.18) (3.70)
 % Met Guideline 46.10 39.66 46.00 41.71 41.89 53.19 41.61 47.09 37.35 45.03
Protein, % kcals
 Mean 16.72 16.87 17.44 17.16 16.64 17.25 17.14 16.78 16.99 17.10
 (SD) (6.41) (5.71) (6.37) (5.86) (6.46) (6.49) (6.16) (6.10) (6.28) (5.45)
 % Met Guideline 84.40 91.38 92.00 91.00 85.14 91.49 89.76 88.95 90.36 89.27
Carbohydrate, % kcals
 Mean 48.09 47.99 48.31 47.17 48.61 49.91 47.33 49.46 48.27 47.45
 (SD) (13.06) (10.87) (11.46) (11.51) (12.59) (10.71) (11.65) (11.78) (11.84) (11.29)
 % Met Guideline 48.23 46.55 54.67 45.02 50.00 60.64 46.42 55.23 48.19 50.00
Fiber, grams/day
 Mean 12.87 13.48 14.33 13.01 13.60 14.52 13.52 13.65 13.53 13.74
 (SD) (8.62) (8.28) (8.79) (8.32) (7.65) (9.76) (8.67) (8.37) (8.66) (8.08)
 % Met Guideline 10.64 11.49 8.67 10.43 10.81 9.57 10.58 9.88 8.43 10.73
Fruits, cups/day
 Mean 0.56 0.64 0.80 0.56 0.68 0.87 0.65 0.68 0.65 0.72
 (SD) (0.86) (0.89) (1.15) (0.86) (0.98) (1.15) (0.96) (1.01) (0.92) (1.20)
 % Met Guideline 14.89 16.09 18.67 12.32 17.57 24.47 17.06 15.70 19.28 15.97
Vegetables, cups/day
 Mean 1.01 1.13 1.19 1.02 1.10 1.27 1.14 1.07 1.12 1.09
 (SD) (1.12) (1.08) (1.02) (1.01) (1.09) (1.14) (1.05) (1.11) (1.10) (0.97)
 % Met Guideline 16.31 16.09 16.67 16.11 11.49 23.40 16.72 15.70 16.87 16.23
Fruits and vegetables, cups/day
 Mean 1.57 1.77 1.98 1.57 1.79 2.14 1.79 1.75 1.77 1.81
 (SD) (1.54) (1.50) (1.60) (1.36) (1.60) (1.75) (1.51) (1.62) (1.54) (1.63)
 % Met Guideline 10.64 8.05 14.67 7.58 10.14 20.21 10.58 11.63 9.64 11.26
Whole grains, % of total grains
 Mean 9.11 9.71 11.45 9.62 9.99 11.99 7.55 14.33 10.02 10.34
 (SD) (19.79) (16.41) (20.37) (17.79) (17.59) (22.98) (15.59) (22.53) (18.99) (17.70)
 % Met Guideline 11.35 8.62 11.33 9.95 9.46 13.83 7.85 14.53 9.64 10.47
Dairy, cups/day
 Mean 0.86 1.01 1.08 0.96 1.00 0.94 0.96 1.09 0.93 1.27
 (SD) (1.12) (1.16) (1.42) (1.29) (1.14) (1.17) (1.19) (1.32) (1.20) (1.41)
 % Met Guideline 7.09 8.62 8.67 7.11 8.78 8.51 7.51 9.30 9.64 7.85
Sweetened beverages, servings/day
 Mean 1.83 2.05 1.80 1.96 1.91 1.64 1.94 1.83 1.87 2.04
 (SD) (2.08) (3.12) (2.28) (2.29) (3.10) (2.10) (2.71) (2.31) (2.55) (2.68)
 % Met Guideline 31.91 29.89 31.33 29.86 33.11 29.79 31.40 30.23 30.12 31.15
Sodium, milligrams/day
 Mean 3073.87 3180.52 3116.78 3230.59 3157.78 2714.45 3216.47 2976.26 3103.67 3237.83
 (SD) (1984.48) (1654.83) (1636.37) (1809.74) (1719.50) (1458.80) (1751.03) (1749.57) (1770.13) (1674.58)
 % Met Guideline 20.57 14.37 16.67 18.48 12.16 22.34 14.68 20.93 16.87 17.02
Diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2010)
 Mean 47.58 48.29 50.45 47.76 48.77 51.18 47.81 50.41 48.70 49.08
 (SD) (12.52) (13.18) (13.39) (12.38) (12.79) (14.84) (12.49) (13.91) (13.30) (12.06)

Kcals = kilocalories, SD = standard deviation.