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. 2019 Jan 2;10:9. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07911-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — iNKT and γδ-T cells in SpA joints show a profound IL-17 signature. a Flowcytometric analyses of iNKT and γδ-T cells in paired PBMC and SFMC derived from a representative SpA patient. b Mean percentage (±SEM) of iNKT cells (relative to total CD3+ T cells) measured in PBMC (SpA, n = 33; HC, n = 27) and SFMC (SpA, n = 18) samples (**p < 0.01 as determined by ANOVA). c Frequency of γδ-T cells and TCRγδ-hi cells (relative to total CD3+ T cells and γδ-T cells, respectively) in PBMC and SFMC samples (ANOVA). d Mean percentage IL-23R⁺ cells (relative to iNKT cells) measured in PBMC and SFMC samples from B (ANOVA). e Transcriptional factor profile of iNKT cells and γδ-T cells measured in PBMC and SFMC from SpA patients (PB n = 8-12, SF n = 4-8) and HC (n = 8-16). (*p < 0.05 as determined by ANOVA) (HC-PB: white bars, SpA-PB: black bars, SpA-SF: Red bars). f FlowSOM visualization of indicated immune cell population present in the peripheral blood of HC (n = 8) and SpA patients (n = 8), stained for markers indicated in the pie chart. Each circle represents a specific marker combination, corresponding to a specific cell type. The mean marker values are visualized for each node, using star charts. The height of each part indicates the expression intensity: if the part reaches the border of the circle, the cells have a high expression for that marker. The nodes are connected to the ones they are the most similar to. An automatic meta-clustering of the FlowSOM nodes is visualized by the background color of groups of nodes. A parallel tree gives an overview of significantly over-(red) or under-(blue) represented cell types in SpA patients vs. controls. g IL-17 and IL-22 production by peripheral blood iNKT and γδ-T cells from SpA patients (n = 10; black bars) and controls (n = 10, white bars) as measured by intracellular cytokine staining after 4 h incubation of cells with PMA/CaI in the presence of BFA (*p < 0.05, t-tests HC vs. SpA). h Relative representation of indicated peripheral blood T cell subsets among IL-17 producing T cells as measured in PMA/CaI stimulated PBMC from HC and SpA patients (see Supplementary Fig. 6A for individual data points and statistics). Data throughout this figure are presented as mean ± SEM unless stated otherwise