. 2019 Jan 2;10:7. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2

Table 4.

Causal effects between the top spreaders and the candidates supporters

↙	Pro-Clinton	Pro-Trump	Fake news	Extreme bias (right)	Right
Pro-Clinton	0.65 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	0.029 ± 0.007	0.021 ± 0.006	0.002 ± 0.006
Pro-Trump	0.11 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.01	0.009 ± 0.006	0.003 ± 0.001	0.0014 ± 0.0009
Fake news	0.015 ± 0.003	0.10 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01
Extreme bias (right)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.009 ± 0.002	0.03 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01
Right	0.009 ± 0.002	0.025 ± 0.008	0.03 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.01
Right leaning	0.018 ± 0.008	0.038 ± 0.008	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.01
Center	0.04 ± 0.01	0.023 ± 0.010	0.021 ± 0.007	0.0020 ± 0.0007	0.009 ± 0.008
Left leaning	0.04 ± 0.01	0.015 ± 0.006	0.003 ± 0.001	0.0010 ± 0.0005	0.009 ± 0.007
Left	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.010 ± 0.008	0.002 ± 0.001	0.01 ± 0.01
Extreme bias (left)	0.08 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.02	0.031 ± 0.009	0.03 ± 0.01	0.0025 ± 0.0008

↙	Right leaning	Center	Left leaning	Left	Extreme bias (left)
Pro-Clinton	0.003 ± 0.001	0.065 ± 0.008	0.062 ± 0.008	0.017 ± 0.009	0.006 ± 0.006
Pro-Trump	0.0020 ± 0.0009	0.038 ± 0.006	0.033 ± 0.008	0.020 ± 0.007	0.015 ± 0.006
Fake news	0.06 ± 0.01	0.037 ± 0.009	0.016 ± 0.002	0.014 ± 0.008	0.022 ± 0.009
Extreme bias (right)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.039 ± 0.009	0.018 ± 0.002	0.026 ± 0.009	0.027 ± 0.009
Right	0.09 ± 0.01	0.044 ± 0.009	0.016 ± 0.002	0.0026 ± 0.0009	0.033 ± 0.008
Right leaning	0.22 ± 0.01	0.042 ± 0.009	0.033 ± 0.009	0.0014 ± 0.0008	0.0027 ± 0.0008
Center	0.012 ± 0.010	0.266 ± 0.009	0.18 ± 0.01	0.019 ± 0.010	0.013 ± 0.008
Left leaning	0.005 ± 0.003	0.18 ± 0.01	0.299 ± 0.009	0.012 ± 0.008	0.003 ± 0.002
Left	0.015 ± 0.008	0.08 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.164 ± 0.010	0.07 ± 0.01
Extreme bias (left)	0.005 ± 0.009	0.034 ± 0.009	0.045 ± 0.009	0.03 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.01

We show the value of the maximal causal effect $I_{i \to j}^{CE,max} = \max_{0 < τ \leq τ_{\max}} ∣I_{i \to j}^{CE} (τ)∣$ between each pair (i, j) of activity time series, where τ_max = 18 × 15 min = 4.5 h is the maximal time lag considered, with standard errors (s.d., see Methods). The arrows indicate the direction of the causal effect. For each activity time series, we indicate in bold the three most important drivers of activity (excluding themselves)