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. 2018 Dec 12;9:1857. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01857

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) activate MAPK cascade in rice protoplasts. (A) Rice protoplasts do not respond to flg22 treatment. Rice protoplasts were treated with 1 μM flg22, MAPK activation (top) and loading control (bottom) are shown. (B) flg22 activates endogenous MAPK cascade in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Arabidopsis protoplasts were treated with 1 μM flg22, MAPK activation (top) and loading control (bottom) are shown. (C) Endogenous MAPK activation is induced by PGN under the lights. Rice protoplasts were treated with or without 5 mg/ml PGN, MAPK activation (top) and loading control (bottom) are shown. (D) PGN has weak effect on endogenous MAPK activation in the dark. Rice protoplasts were treated with or without 5 mg/ml PGN, MAPK activation (top) and loading control (bottom) are shown. (E) Endogenous MAPK cascade is activated at different temperature under the lights. Rice protoplasts were treated with or without 5 mg/ml PGN under the lights for 10 min, MAPK activation (top) and loading control (bottom) are shown. (F) Chitin activates endogenous MAPK cascade in rice protoplasts. Rice protoplasts were treated with 10 μM chitin, MAPK activation (top) and loading control (bottom) are shown. The data shown here are one representative of three independent experiments.