Table 1.
Demographic features, risk factors, treatment, and outcome in reported cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Candida species with different types of cancers
| Reference | Country |
Age/
gender |
Type of cancer | Treatment | Diagnosis method | Causative agent | Risk factors | Observation | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihde, 1978 [13] | USA | <20/ NS | Lymphoma, carcinoma of the cervix | Corticosteroids, antibiotics | B/C(+),CSF/C (+), Microscopic examination | C. albicans | Chemotherapy, central venous catheter, corticosteroids | Abscesses in the left ventricular myocardium | Died |
| Maeno, 1990 [14] | Japan | 83/ NS | Pancreatic cancer | Anti-fungal agents | B/C (+), mannan antigenemia, D-arabinitol creatinine ratio, Echo | C. albicans | NS | Vegetation at the aortic valve | Died |
| Johnston, 1991 [15] | USA | 31/M | Testicular carcinoma | 5-FC+AMB, surgery | B/C (+), TEE | C. albicans | recurrent embryonal cell testicular carcinoma | Mitral valve vegetation | Died |
| Hamada, 1996 [16] | Japan | 63/M | Gastric cancer | Anti-fungal agents, surgery | B/C(+) | C. albicans | liver abscess | Aortic and tricuspid regurgitation | Survived |
| 65/M | Bile duct cancer | Anti-fungal agents, catecholamine, digoxin, surgery | B/C(+) | C. albicans | NS | Aortic regurgitation | Died | ||
| Inoue, 1998 [17] | Japan | 57/M | Gastric cancer | FLC, surgery | NS | C. parapsilosis | Chemotherapy, central venous catheter | Cardiac valve vegetation | Survived |
| Ariffin, 1999 [18] | Malaysia | <1/NS | ALL | AMB , FLC | Echo | C. albicans | Immunodeficiency | NS | NS* |
| Jagernauth, 2007 [19] | UK | 54/M | Carcinoid disease | Antifungal drug, Surgery | NS | Candida spp | Surgery for pulmonary and tricuspid valve replacement | Vegetation | Survived |
| Ozkiraz, 2007 [20] | Turkey | <1/ NS | AML | FLC, AMB , surgery | Echo, B/C(+), pathological examination |
C. albicans | NS | Vegetation at the outlet of the right ventricle | Died |
| Block, 2009 [21] | Australia | 64/F | Carcinoma of the lung | FLC, 5FC thrombolytic therapy, surgery |
B/C (+), U/C(+), TEE | C. albicans | NS | Fungal ball | Survived |
| Chopra, 2010 [22] | USA | 74/F | Cardiomyopathy | MFG, surgery | B/C, U/C(+), TEE | C. kefyr | Diabetes type II | Mitral valve vegetation | Survived |
| Reyes, 2015 [23] | Peru | 36/F | Ovarian cancer | AFG, VRC , FLC, antibiotics, surgery | B/C(+), TEE | C. parapsilosis | Chemotherapy | Vegetation in the aortic valve | Survived |
| Present case | Iran | 70/F | MDS | AMB deoxycolate, CAS, VRC | B/C(+), TEE | C. albicans | Spectrum antibiotic therapy, diabetes | Mitral valve vegetation | Died |
Ns: not specified, TTE: transthoracic echocardiography, TEE: transesophageal echocardiography, ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, MDS: myelodysplasia syndrome, Echo: echocardiography, FLC: fluconazole, AMB: amphotericin B, AFG: anidulafungin, CAS: caspofungin, VRC: voriconazole, MFG: micafungin, 5FC: flucytosine, B/C: blood culture, U/C: urine culture, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid culture