1 Anterocephalic edge rounded, truncate, or projected in a single elevated plate or paired plates, horns, teeth or small angulations AND first abdominal ventrite with sex patch; IF sex patch absent, THEN both anterocephalic edge and anterior pronotal edge with short projections or subtriangular plates. Protibia with outer apical angle ALWAYS projected in an acute tooth. Males...........................................………………………………………………………………………………2

1’ Anterocephalic edge truncate or barely emarginate AND first abdominal ventrite without sex patch. Protibia with outer apical angle variable, simple, projected in an acute tooth or bearing sockted spines. Females……………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………….23

2 (1) Anterocephalic edge ALWAYS elevated and produced forming four teeth AND anterior pronotal edge projected in two small plates; IF pronotum with anterior edge simple, THEN head with occipital tubercle close to vertex….………………………………………….………………..………3

2’ Anterocephalic edge NEVER elevated and produced forming four teeth (can be elevated and produced forming two teeth, but NEVER four teeth). Pronotum with anterior edge variable……………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………….6

3 (2) Head with occipital tubercle close to vertex. Pronotum with anterior edge rounded; punctation dual. Elytral vestiture single, consisting of seriate setae. Tegmen with apex subtriangular delimited by internal excavations; penis with apex slightly enlarged and membranous. Southern WC……………………………………………….…….…….…….Cis regius Orsetti et Lopes-Andrade

3’ Head without occipital tubercle. Pronotum with anterior edge projected in two small plates; punctation single or inconspicuously dual. Elytral vestiture single, consisting of non-seriate bristles; IF vestiture dual, THEN consisting of mixed bristles and setae…………………………………………4

4 (3’) Prosternum biconcave. Elytral vestiture dual, consisting of mixed short bristles and minute setae. Tegmen with apex bearing small emargination and globular tubercles in apical portion (Figure 10(H); black arrows); penis with apical portion membranous and bearing acute sclerotization at middle (Figure 10(I); big red arrow), and base with truncate sclerotization (Figure 10(I); small red arrows). Eastern and southeastern MP…………………Cis tessariplacus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

4’ Prosternum almost flat to tumid at midline. Elytral vestiture single, consisting of non-suseriate bristles……...…………...…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..5

5 (4’) Pronotum with punctures separated by less than one puncture-width; lateral margins barely to completely visible from above. Elytra with single punctation. Tegmen deeply and broadly emarginate at apex forming three lobes, the lateral ones barely acute and the mid one somewhat arrow-shaped; penis with basal third bearing lateral struts, which join to form membranous apex. Cosmopolitan; introduced at southern WC..………………………………..…..Cis chinensis Lawrence

5’ Pronotum with punctures separated by one to two puncture-widths; lateral margins not visible from above. Elytra with inconspicuously dual punctation. Tegmen deeply and broadly emarginate at apex forming three lobes, the lateral ones barely acute and the mid one somewhat arrow-shaped; penis with base bearing two short sclerotizations. Eastern and southeastern KZN….…………………………..…..…..…..……...Cis paraliacus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

6 (2’) Elytral vestiture indistinctly to distinctly dual, IF indistinctly dual, THEN anterior pronotal edge barely to strongly emarginate forming short prominences or subtriangular plates.......................7

6’ Elytral vestiture single and anterior pronotal edge ALWAYS rounded….…….…..…..…….……...16

7 (6) Anterocephalic edge and anterior pronotal edge with one plate........…………..…..…..….....…….8

7’ Anterocephalic edge and anterior pronotal edge barely to strongly emarginate, forming two short prominences or subtriangular plates……………………………………..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..….…..9

8 (7) TL more than 1.30 mm. Anterocephalic edge with rounded corners. Pronotum with plate slightly emarginate forming two short projections with subrounded apex. Male with abdominal sex patch about one-third the length of first ventrite at midline. Tegmen bearing deep emargination at apex; penis subcylindrical and with apex bearing shallow emargination. Southern WC…………….................................................Cis pickeri Lopes-Andrade, Matushkina, Buder et Klass

8’ TL less than 1.30 mm. Anterocephalic edge with acute corners. Pronotum with plate angularly emarginate forming two small and triangular horns with acute apex. Male with abdominal sex patch about one-fourth the length of first ventrite at midline. Tegmen with apex bearing a small emargination on both sides; penis subcylindrical and with apex bearing short emargination. Northern and southern MP..…………..………...Cis mooihoekite Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

9 (7’) First male abdominal ventrite devoid of sex patch……………………………………..……...…...10

9’ First male abdominal ventrite bearing sex patch ………………...……………………..…..…..……...12

10 (9) Prosternal process relatively narrow, at least 4× as long as wide, no more than 0.15 as wide as gula. Tegmen elongate, with bilobed apex and membranous apical portion (Figure 8; black arrows); penis with three acute angulations at apex (Figure 9; red arrows). Northern MP, southeastern LP and northeastern NW…………………..…….Cis bicaesariatus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

10’ Prosternal process relatively wide, no more than 3× as long as wide, more than 0.20 as wide as gula……………………………………………........................…..…..…..…....…..…..…..…..…..…..….......11

11 (10’) Pronotum with anterior portion bearing concave impression; IF concave impression is inconspicuous, THEN head visible from above. Prosternal process with rounded apex. Tegmen elongate, devoid of lateral excavations or angulations, and apical portion with narrow emargination at middle; penis subcylindrical. EC, GP, KZN, LP, MP, NW and WC………………..…..Cis neserorum Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

11’ Pronotum with anterior portion devoid of concave impression AND head not visible from above. Prosternal process with rounded apex. Tegmen elongate, somewhat mace-shaped, with each lateral edge hardened near middle and bearing small concave emargination with acute angulation at base; penis very elongate………………………..……………...Cis aster Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

12 (9’) Prosternal process conspicuously narrow near base and gradually expanding to rounded apex………………………………………….………………………………..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…...13

12’ Prosternal process subparallel-sided with rounded apex....………………..…..…..…..……………..14

13 (12) Body very robust. Lateral pronotal margins smooth. Male with first abdominal ventrite bearing glabrous sex patch. Tegmen elongate, devoid of lateral excavations or angulations, apical portion with membranous areas and rounded sclerotization; penis subcylindrical. Eastern MP………………..…..…..…..…..…..…....…..…….....Cis urbanae Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

13’ Body not conspicuously robust. Lateral pronotal margins weakly crenulate. Male with first abdominal ventrite bearing setose sex patch. Tegmen with three deep emarginations at apex; penis with apical portion membranous and with V-shaped sclerotization. Eastern NW, western GP, eastern MP and northern LP…………………….…Cis mandelai Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

14 (12’) Anterocephalic edge with two triangular plates separated from each other by less than half width of scutellar shield and with rounded apices. Pronotum with anterior portion bearing concave impression. Male with first abdominal ventrite with minute sex patch, about one-tenth the length of first ventrite at midline. Tegmen with apical portion emarginated forming two lateral lobes with rounded apices, inner edges close to each other; penis with struts not linked at base. Eastern NW, eastern and western KZN………………..…...…………Cis stalsi Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

14’ Anterocephalic edge with two triangular plates separated from each other by one width of scutellar shield or a bit less, and with subacute to acute apices. Pronotum with anterior portion devoid of concave impression. Male with first abdominal ventrite with sex patch at middle, more than one-fifth the length of first ventrite at midline……...…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…...15

15 (14’) Pronotum with anterior pronotal edge projected into two short triangular plates; apex, subacute; interspaces, barely microreticulate; anterior corners, rounded. Tegmen with apical portion bearing sclerotization at middle and laterals, which give the appearance of a trident; penis with two struts curved inwardly. Northeastern KZN and southeastern LP………………………….Cis makebae Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

15’ Pronotum with anterior edge emarginated anteriorly, forming two short projections; interspaces, coarsely microreticulate; anterior corners, angulate. Tegmen with membranous apical portion and bearing emargination at apex; penis with struts not linked at base and forming conspicuous sclerotizations, apex subtriangular and membranous. Eastern NW, northern LP and eastern MP………..………………………..……...…..…..….Cis masekelai Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

16 (6’) Elytra with punctation more or less to distinctly seriate………………………..…..…..………..17

16’ Elytra with punctation non-seriate…………………………………..……...………..…..…..………...20

17 (16) Lateral pronotal margins completely visible from above. Elytra with seriate and dual punctation; megapunctures forming more or less longitudinal rows, in-between rows filled with micropunctures; vestiture consisting of moderately short bristles arising from micropuntures.....…18

17’ Lateral pronotal margins not visible from above. Elytra with subseriate and dual punctation; megapunctures not forming longitudinal rows; vestiture consisting of moderately short bristles arising from megapunctures....……………………………………...…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…….....19

18 (17) Body very elongate and distinctly flattened. Anterocephalic edge truncate. Prosternum moderately long and flattened. Elytral vestiture consisting of short bristles (~0.01 mm). Tegmen with apex bearing one shallow emargination in each side and with acute angulations (Figure 6(G); big black arrows) and rounded corners (Figure 6(G); small black arrows); penis with rounded apex and with one excavation in each side (Figure 6(H); red arrows). Eastern MP and southeastern LP……Cis makrosoma Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

18’ Body elongate and convex. Anterocephalic edge with small angulations. Prosternum concave. Elytral vestiture consisting of moderately short bristles (0.03–0.04 mm). Tegmen with apex bearing one deep emargination in each side and with acute angulations at corners (Figure 4(H); black arrows); penis with apical portion membranous and with a sclerotization at middle, apex truncate (Figure 4(I); red arrows). Northern MP and northwestern LP….…………….Cis grobbelaarae Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

19 (17’) Color dark reddish brown. Elytral vestiture distinctly seriate, dense and short (0.02–0.03 mm). Male with first abdominal ventrite bearing unmargined sex patch. Tegmen with apex bearing rounded emargination and two small tubercles at middle (Figure 5(G); black arrows); penis with apex rounded and base with one flap in each side (Figure 5(H); red arrows). Western KZN and northern FS………………………..….….….….…….Cis lacinipennis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

19’ Color reddish brown. Elytral vestiture subseriate, sparse and long (0.03–0.04 mm). Male with first abdominal ventrite bearing margined sex patch. Tegmen with apex bearing two acute angulations in each side (Figure 12(H); black arrows); penis about 4× as long as tegmen and somewhat stick-shaped. Southern WC………………………....Cis westerncapensis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

20 (16’) Head with vertexal sex patch; anterocephalic edge with two small triangular tubercles. Tegmen with one rounded emargination in each side forming three lobes, the lateral ones short and acute (Figure 2(H); big black arrows), the mid one long and somewhat arrow-shaped (Figure 2(H); small black arrow); penis elongate and with membranous apex. Southeastern MP, northeastern NW and western KZN……………………………Cis foveocephalus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

20’ Head ALWAYS without vertexal sex patch; anterocephalic edge with two subtriangular or triangular plates……………………………………………...………….….….….….….….….….….….….21

21 (20’) Anterocephalic edges with plates longer than scutellar shield at midline. Elytral vestiture subseriate. Tegmen with apex bearing one emargination in each side, forming three rounded lobes (Figure 11(F); black arrows), the lateral ones slightly shorter than the mid one; penis subcylindrical and with subtriangular apex. Eastern KZN…………………………Cis umlalaziensis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

21’ Anterocephalic edges with plates shorter than scutellar shield at midline. Elytral vestiture non-subseriate..……………………………………………….….……..….….….….….….….….…...….…22

22 (21’) Dorsal vestiture consisting of thin and sparse setae. Tegmen apex bearing shallow somewhat V-shaped emargination and with rounded corners (Figure 9(B); black arrows); penis subcylindrical and with subtriangular apex. Southern WC, southeastern and western KZN…….....................................……….....Cis parvisetosus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

22’ Dorsal vestiture consisting of thick and dense bristles. Tegmen with apex bearing deep V-shaped emargination, forming lateral struts curved to middle (Figure 7(H); black arrows); penis subcylindrical and with triangular apex. Eastern and southeastern MP, northern and southeastern LP…………………….….….…….…Cis mpumalangaensis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

23 (1’) Elytra with punctation more or less to distinctly seriate…….............…….….….……………….24

23’ Elytra with punctation non-seriate………………………………….…………..….….…..…………...28

24 (23) Lateral pronotal margins completely visible from above. Elytral vestiture consisting of short or moderately long bristles arising from micropunctures….……….……...….….….….….….….…..…25

24’ Lateral pronotal margins not visible from above. Elytral vestiture consisting of short bristles arising from megapunctures……………………………….….….….….….…...….….….….….…………27

25 (24) Protibia with outer apical angle dentate. Cosmopolitan; introduced at southeastern MP and southern WC………………………………....….….….….….….….….….….……..…...Cis fuscipes Mellié

25’ Protibia with outer apical angle simple..……………………………….….…....….….….…………...26

26 (25’) Body very elongate and distinctly flattened. Prosternum moderately long and flattened. Elytral vestiture consisting of short bristles (~0.01 mm). Eastern MP and southeastern LP…...………………………………….…...Cis makrosoma Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

26’ Body elongate and convex. Prosternum concave. Elytral vestiture consisting of moderately short bristles (0.03–0.04 mm). Northern MP and northwestern LP…………………………...Cis grobbelaarae Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

27 (24’) Color dark reddish brown. Elytral vestiture dense, short (0.02–0.03 mm), distinctly seriate. Western KZN and northern FS….…….....Cis lacinipennis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

27’ Color reddish brown. Elytral vestiture subseriate, sparse and long (0.03–0.04 mm). Southern WC……………..…………..………….Cis westerncapensis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

28 (23’) Elytral vestiture distinctly dual; IF indistinctly dual, THEN punctation dual..………………29

28’ Elytral vestiture single……………………………………………………………...................................39

29 (28) Protibia with outer apical angle expanded and bearing socketed spines....................................30

29’ Protibia with outer apical angle not expanded and devoid of spines……………………...………..31

30 (29) TL more than 1.30 mm. Southern WC….……………..…………….................................Cis pickeri Lopes-Andrade Matushkina, Buder et Klass

30’ TL less than 1.30 mm. Northern and southern MP..………..…………………………Cis mooihoekite Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

31 (29’) Elytra with sigle punctation. Eastern and southeastern MP………….……...Cis tessariplacus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

31’ Elytra with dual punctation …………………………………………………………………………….32

32 (31’) Prosternal process conspicuously narrow near base and gradually expanding to rounded apex…..…………………………………………………………………………………………….………….33

32’ Prosternal process subparallel- or parallel-sided, with rounded or truncate apex….….………….35

33 (32); Body very robust. Lateral pronotal margins smooth Eastern MP…………………..Cis urbanae Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

33’ Body not conspicuosly robust. Lateral pronotal margins weakly crenulate. Eastern NW, western GP, eastern MP and northern LP…………………..Cis mandelai Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

35 (32’) Prosternal process relatively narrow, at least 4× as long as wide, no more than 0.15 as wide as gula. Northern MP, southeastern LP and northeastern NW…………..……………..Cis bicaesariatus Souza-Gonçalves & Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

35’ Prosternal process relatively wide, no more than 3× as long as wide, more than 0.20 as wide as gula………………………………………………………………………………………….............................36

36 (35’) Pronotal punctures usually separated by more than one puncture diameter and interspaces barely microreticulate. Northeastern KZN and southeastern LP.......……..………………..Cis makebae Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

36’ Pronotal punctures usually separated by less than one puncture-width and interspaces coarsely microreticulate………………………………………………………………………………………..………37

37 (36’) Pronotum with anterior corners angulate. Eastern NW, northern LP and eastern MP……………………..………………………………………Cis masekelai Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

37’ Pronotum with anterior corners rounded……………………..………………………………………38

38 (37’) Scutellar shield about 2× as long as elytral megapunctures. Eastern NW, eastern and western KZN…………………....................................………….…Cis stalsi Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

38’ Scutellar shield about 4× as long as elytral megapunctures. EC, GP, KZN, LP, MP, NW and WC…………………………...….…...………………Cis neserorum Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade

39 (28’) TL usually less than 1.80 mm; IF about 1.80 mm, THEN elytral vestiture consisting of short bristles (0.01–0.02 mm)...………………………………………………...…………………………………..40

39’ TL more than 1.80 mm AND elytral vestiture consisting of moderately short to moderately long bristles (at least 0.04 mm)………..……………………….…………………...……………………………..43

40 (39) Elytral vestiture seriate, consisting of moderately long setae (0.04–0.05 mm). Southern WC…………………………………………………………………….Cis regius Orsetti et Lopes-Andrade

40’ Elytral vestiture non-seriate, consisting of short bristles or minute setae (≥0.02 mm)………...…..41

41 (40’) Pronotum devoid of impunctate median line; punctures separated by two puncture-widths or less; lateral margins crenulate. Southeastern MP, northeastern NW and western KZN………………………………...……Cis foveocephalus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

41’ Pronotum bearing impunctate median line; punctures usually separated by one puncture -width or less; lateral margins not crenulate………………………………...……………………………………..42

42 (41’) Dorsal vestiture consisting of thin and sparse setae. Southern WC, southeastern and western KZN……...................................…..……….Cis parvisetosus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

42’ Dorsal vestiture consisting of thick and dense bristles. Eastern and southeastern MP, northern and southeastern LP……..………...Cis mpumalangaensis Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade sp. n.

43 (39’) Pronotum with punctures separated by less than half a puncture-width; lateral margins barely to completely visible from above. Elytra with single punctation. Cosmopolitan; introduced at southern WC..…………..…..………….……..…………..…..…………..…..…..…Cis chinensis Lawrence

43’ Pronotum with punctures separated by one to two puncture-widths; lateral margins not visible from above. Elytra with inconspicuously dual punctation. Eastern and southeastern KZN….….………………………..…………………Cis paraliacus Souza-Gonçalves et Lopes-Andrade