Table 1.
Electrochemical biosensors based on AuNPs.
| Analytes a | Electrode Modification b | Functions of AuNPs | Detection Limits | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mtb DNA | SPCE/SA | Electrochemical indicators | 1 CFU | [71] |
| EGFR | GCE | Electrochemical indicators | 50 pg/mL | [72] |
| hIgG, hPSA | GCE/MWCNT/AB | Electrochemical indicators | 0.3 fg/mL, 0.1 fg/mL | [73] |
| hMMP9 | SPCE/AB | Electrochemical indicators | 0.06 ng/mL | [74] |
| PSA | GCE/AuNPs/AB | Electron migration enhancers | 145.69 fg/mL | [81] |
| M.SssI MTase | GCE/AuNPs/CP | Electron migration enhancers | 0.04 U/mL | [82] |
| ErbB2 | GE/pSC4/HMD/AuNPs | Electron migration enhancers | 0.5 ng/mL | [84] |
| ssDNA | GCE/CS-GS/PANI/AuNPs/CP | Electron migration enhancers | 2.11 pM | [85] |
| CEA | GCE/NB-ERGO/AuNPs/AB | Electron migration enhancers | 1 pg/mL | [86] |
| MicroRNA | GCE/WO3-Gr/AuNPs/CP | Electron migration enhancers | 0.05 fM | [87] |
| PDGF, TB | GCE/SWCNTs@AuNPs/AB | Electron migration enhancers | 8 pM, 11 pM | [88] |
| PSA | PGE/GMCs@AuNPs/AB | Electron migration enhancers | 0.25 ng/mL | [89] |
| CEA | GE/Cys/AuNPs@PAMAM/Th/AB | Electron migration enhancers | 4.4 pg/mL | [90] |
| ssDNA | GE/CP | Immobilization platform | 50 fM | [105] |
| Ampicillin | GCE/AuNPs/Aptamer | Immobilization platform | 0.3 pM | [108] |
| TB | GCE/AuNPs/Aptamer | Immobilization platform | 23 fM | [109] |
| MiRNA | GE/CP | Immobilization platform | 6.8 aM | [111] |
| MiRNA-141 | GE/CP | Immobilization platform | 25.1 aM | [112] |
| MiRNA-182, MiRNA-381 | MGE | Immobilization platform | 0.2 fM, 0.12 fM | [113] |
| AFP | GCE/AuNPs/AB | Catalyst | 3.33 fg/mL | [122] |
| Lysozyme | GE/CP | Catalyst | 0.32 pM | [123] |
| Microcystin-LR | GCE/CNT/PEG | Catalyst | 0.1 ng/L | [133] |
| PSA | GCE/Au@N-GQDs/AB | Catalyst | 0.003 pg/mL | [134] |
| PSA | SPCE/CNT/AB | Catalyst | 1.2 pg/mL | [135] |
aMtb DNA: Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; hIgG: human immunoglobulin G; hPSA: human prostate-specific antigen; hMMP9: human matrix metallopeptidase-9; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; M.SssI MTase: methyltransferase; ErbB2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; TB: thrombin; AFP: alpha fetoprotein. b SPCE: screen printed carbon electrode; SA: streptavidin; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotube; AB: antibody; GE: gold electrode; pSC4: para-Sulfonatocalix[4]arene; HMD: 1,6-hexanediamine; CS-GS: chitosan-graphene sheets; PANI: polyaniline; CP: capture probe; NB-ERGO: Nile blue A (NB) hybridized electrochemically reduced graphene oxide; WO3: tungsten oxide; SWCNTs: single-walled carbon nanotubes; PGE: pyrolytic graphite electrode; GMCs: graphitized mesoporous carbon nanoparticles; Cys: cysteamine; PAMAM: poly(amidoamine) dendrimer; Th: thionine; MGE: magnetic gold electrode; CNT: Carbon nanotubes; PEG: polyethylene glycol; Au@N-GQDs: AuNPs functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots.