Figure 3.

Forest plot of effects of protein supplementation (PS) plus exercise training (ET) on changes in frailty indices, body composition, and physical function at each follow-up duration. Each point estimate at each follow-up duration (square) and during the overall duration (diamond) presents the combined effect (standard mean difference) of the outcome measure where indicated, with 95% CI (horizontal line). Results plotted on the right-hand side indicate effects in favor of PS plus ET. The combined effects analyzed using a fixed- or random-effects model are denoted by green and blue colors, respectively; a black square or diamond denotes that the combined effect is derived from a single study. ^a Global frailty score is defined as a number out of five frailty components of Fried’s criteria [24]. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; Std = standard; IV = inverse variance; ADL = activity of daily life; SPPB = short physical performance battery.