Table 4.
Summary of overall effects and subgroup analysis results for body composition.
| Subgroups | Lean Body Mass | Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass | Fat Mass | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison, n (LoE) a | SMD | (95%CI) | p Value | I2 (%) | Comparison, n (LoE) a | SMD | (95%CI) | p Value | I2 (%) | Comparison, n (LoE) a | SMD | (95%CI) | p Value | I2 (%) | |
| Overall | 7 (S) | 0.52 | (0.33, 0.71) † | <0.00001 | 51 | 3 (S) | 0.64 | (0.34, 0.93) † | <0.0001 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| MQ level (PEDro score) | |||||||||||||||
| ≥7/10 | 5 (S) | 0.40 | (0.17, 0.62) † | 0.0005 | 53 | 3 (S) | 0.64 | (0.34, 0.93) † | <0.0001 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| <7/10 | 2 (M) | 0.80 | (0.45, 1.14) † | <0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 42.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Participant type | |||||||||||||||
| Community dweller | 5 (S) | 0.51 | (0.28, 0.74) † | <0.0001 | 54 | 3 (S) | 0.64 | (0.34, 0.93) † | <0.0001 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| Institutionalized resident | 2 (M) | 0.53 | (0.20, 0.86) † | 0.002 | 71 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Population area | |||||||||||||||
| Americas | 1 (C) | 0.24 | (−0.21, 0.69) | n.s. | NA | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Asia | 2 (M) | 0.80 | (0.45, 1.14) † | <0.00001 | 0 | 1 (M) | 0.54 | (0.14, 0.94) | 0.009 | NA | 0 | ||||
| Europe | 4 (S) | 0.45 | (0.19, 0.71) † | 0.0007 | 62 | 2 (S) | 0.75 | (0.32, 1.18) † | 0.0006 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| Oceania | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 45.6 | n.s. | 0 | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Control group type | |||||||||||||||
| PLA-S or nonexercise | 5 (M) | 0.59 | (0.12, 1.07) ‡ | 0.01 | 72 | 1 (M) | 0.58 | (0.09, 1.07) | 0.02 | NA | 0 | ||||
| Exercise | 6 (S) | 0.51 | (0.27, 0.75) † | <0.0001 | 42 | 3 (S) | 0.59 | (0.26, 0.91) † | 0.0004 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| PS | 3 (S) | 0.35 | (0.04, 0.66) † | 0.02 | 44 | 1 (M) | 0.67 | (0.17, 1.17) | 0.009 | NA | 0 | ||||
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Supplementation dose | |||||||||||||||
| ≥30 g/day (g/session) | 4 (S) | 0.71 | (0.40, 1.01)† | <0.00001 | 0 | 2 (S) | 0.75 | (0.32, 1.18) † | 0.0006 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| <30 g/day (g/session) | 3 (M) | 0.54 | (0.03, 104)† | n.s. | 45 | 1 (C) | 0.37 | (−0.11, 0.86) | n.s. | NA | 0 | ||||
| Subgroup difference | 0.04 | 76.7 | n.s. | 24.4 | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Exercise type | |||||||||||||||
| RET | 4 (S) | 0.61 | (0.35, 0.88)† | <0.00001 | 34 | 2 (S) | 0.75 | (0.32, 1.18) † | 0.0006 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| MET | 3 (C) | 0.49 | (−0.02, 1.01) ‡ | n.s. | 70 | 1 (C) | 0.37 | (−0.11, 0.86) | n.s. | NA | 0 | ||||
| Subgroup difference | 0.04 | 75.3 | n.s. | 24.4 | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Intervention duration | |||||||||||||||
| <12 weeks | 1 (C) | 0.24 | (−0.21, 0.69) | n.s. | NA | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| 12–24 weeks | 5 (M) | 0.64 | (0.22, 1.06) ‡ | 0.003 | 67 | 3 (S) | 0.39 | (0.10, 0.68) † | 0.008 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.08 | (−0.33, 0.50) † | n.s. | 0 |
| ≥24 weeks | 5 (S) | 0.51 | (0.18, 0.84) † | 0.002 | 48 | 2 (S) | 0.75 | (0.32, 1.18) † | 0.0006 | 0 | 2 (S) | 0.64 | (0.22, 1.07) † | 0.003 | 0 |
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 46.5 | n.s. | 70.9 | |||||||||
† Fixed-effects model. ‡Random-effects model. a Level of evidence: strong (S), moderate (M), limited (L), very limited (V), conflicting (C). LoE, level of evidence; SMD, standard mean difference; I2, heterogeneity; MQ, methodological quality; PEDro, Physiotherapy Evidence Database; n.s., nonsignificant (p > 0.05); PLA-S, placebo supplement; PS, protein supplementation; RET, resistance exercise training; MET, multicomponent exercise training; NA, not applicable.