Table 5.
Summary of overall effects and subgroup analysis results for physical function
| Subgroups | Leg Muscle Strength | Chair Rise | Timed Up-and-Go | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison, n (LoE) a | SMD | (95%CI) | p Value | I2 (%) | Comparison, n (LoE) a | SMD | (95%CI) | p Value | I2 (%) | Comparison, n (LoE) a | SMD | (95%CI) | p Value | I2 (%) | |
| Overall | 15 (S) | 0.37 | (0.23, 0.51) † | <0.00001 | 37 | 9 (S) | 0.30 | (0.11, 0.49) † | 0.002 | 25 | 5 (S) | 0.26 | (0.02, 0.51) † | 0.04 | 32 |
| MQ level (PEDro score) | |||||||||||||||
| ≥7/10 | 12 (S) | 0.38 | (0.16, 0.60) ‡ | 0.0006 | 50 | 4 (S) | 0.32 | (0.06, 0.59) † | 0.02 | 44 | 4 (C) | 0.25 | (−0.00, 0.50) † | n.s. | 46 |
| <7/10 | 3 (M) | 0.39 | (0.08, 0.70) † | 0.02 | 20 | 5 (M) | 0.27 | (0.01, 0.54) † | 0.04 | 23 | 1 (C) | 0.57 | (−0.69, 1.83) | n.s. | NA |
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | |||||||||
| Participant type | |||||||||||||||
| Community dweller | 9 (S) | 0.23 | (0.05, 0.41) † | 0.01 | 0 | 5 (C) | 0.22 | (−0.11, 0.55) ‡ | n.s. | 45 | 3 (C) | 0.25 | (−0.03, 0.53) † | n.s. | 64 |
| Institutionalized resident | 6 (S) | 0.57 | (0.36, 0.78) † | <0.00001 | 44 | 4 (M) | 0.39 | (0.08, 0.70) † | 0.01 | 0 | 2 (C) | 0.29 | (.23, 0.82) † | n.s. | 0 |
| Subgroup difference | 0.01 | 83.2 | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | |||||||||
| Population area | |||||||||||||||
| Americas | 2 (S) | 1.02 | (0.65, 1.40) † | <0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 1 (C) | 0.23 | (−0.34, 0.81) | n.s. | NA | ||||
| Asia | 3 (S) | 0.28 | (−0.09, 0.64) † | n.s. | 39 | 0 | 3 (C) | 0.25 | (0.03, 0.53) † | n.s. | 64 | ||||
| Europe | 10 (S) | 0.28 | (0.11, 0.45) † | 0.001 | 0 | 8 (S) | 0.31 | (0.10, 0.51) † | 0.003 | 34 | 1 (C) | 0.57 | (−0.69, 1.83) | n.s. | NA |
| Oceania | 0 | 1 (C) | 0.25 | (−0.26, 0.75) | n.s. | NA | 0 | ||||||||
| Subgroup difference | 0.002 | 84.5 | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | |||||||||
| Control group type | |||||||||||||||
| PLA-S or nonexercise | 7 (S) | 0.45 | (0.24, 0.67) † | <0.0001 | 37 | 6 (S) | 0.42 | (0.19, 0.65) † | 0.0003 | 31 | 1 (C) | 0.84 | (0.33, 1.34) | 0.001 | NA |
| Exercise | 13 (S) | 0.20 | (0.04, 0.36) † | 0.01 | 39 | 5 (S) | 0.09 | (−0.19, 0.36) † | n.s. | 12 | 5 (C) | −0.01 | (−0.27, 0.25) † | n.s. | 0 |
| PS | 4 (S) | 0.30 | (0.02, 0.59) † | 0.03 | 50 | 0 | 1 (M) | 1.30 | (0.77, 1.84) | <0.00001 | NA | ||||
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 20.4 | n.s. | 61.4 | <0.0001 | 91.3 | |||||||||
| Supplementation dose | |||||||||||||||
| ≥30 g/day (g/session) | 8 (M) | 0.40 | (0.21, 0.59) ‡ | 0.008 | 52 | 5 (S) | 0.35 | (0.10, 0.59) † | 0.005 | 42 | 0 | ||||
| <30 g/day (g/session) | 7 (S) | 0.34 | (0.15, 0.53) † | 0.0004 | 22 | 4 (C) | 0.34 | (0.15, 0.53) † | n.s. | 12 | 5 (S) | 0.26 | (0.02, 0.51) † | 0.04 | 32 |
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Exercise type | |||||||||||||||
| RET | 6 (M) | 0.37 | (0.04, 0.70) ‡ | 0.03 | 57 | 4 (S) | 0.29 | (0.03, 0.56) † | 0.03 | 50 | 0 | ||||
| MET | 9 (S) | 0.37 | (0.17, 0.58) † | 0.0004 | 24 | 5 (S) | 0.31 | (0.03, 0.58) † | 0.03 | 16 | 5 (S) | 0.26 | (0.02, 0.51) † | 0.04 | 32 |
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | NA | NA | |||||||||
| Intervention duration | |||||||||||||||
| <12 weeks | 5 (M) | 0.58 | (0.14, 1.01) ‡ | 0.009 | 60 | 3 (C) | −0.03 | (−0.42, 0.36) † | n.s. | 0 | 4 (C) | 0.06 | (−0.25, 0.37) † | n.s. | 0 |
| 12–24 weeks | 11 (S) | 0.22 | (0.06, 0.37) † | 0.006 | 10 | 6 (M) | 0.23 | (0.01, 0.45) † | 0.04 | 8 | 4 (M) | 0.27 | (0.01, 0.55) ‡ | 0.04 | 49 |
| ≥24 weeks | 5 (C) | 0.21 | (−0.03, 0.45) † | n.s. | 0 | 5 (S) | 0.14 | (−0.35, 0.63) ‡ | n.s. | 75 | 0 | ||||
| Subgroup difference | n.s. | 16.7 | n.s. | 0 | n.s. | 0 | |||||||||
† Fixed-effects model. ‡ Random-effects model. a Level of evidence: strong (S), moderate (M), limited (L), very limited (V), conflicting (C). LoE, level of evidence; SMD, standard mean difference; I2, heterogeneity; MQ, methodological quality; PEDro, Physiotherapy Evidence Database; n.s., nonsignificant (p > 0.05); PLA-S, placebo supplement; PS, protein supplementation; RET, resistance exercise training; MET, multicomponent exercise training; NA, not applicable.