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. 2018 Dec 8;10(12):527. doi: 10.3390/toxins10120527

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Beta-methyl-amino-l-alanine (BMAA) increases the number of eggs in the second clutch after the exposure to the toxin. (A) BMAA does not have any pronounced effect on the number of eggs in the first clutch after the exposure to the toxin (two-way ANOVA, feeding state: p > 0.05, BMAA: p > 0.05, feeding state × BMAA: p < 0.05). The toxin does not have any significant effect under the non-feeding stage (one-way ANOVA, p > 0.05), and under feeding conditions, the only detected difference was between the effects of the 200 and 500 µg L⁻¹ BMAA (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05; Tukey’s HSD, p < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons (two-tailed Student’s t-test, comparison to 0 µg L⁻¹ BMAA) also did not reveal any significant decrease in egg production under exposure to BMAA (p > 0.05 for each comparison). (B) BMAA has an effect on the number of eggs in the second clutch after the exposure (two-way ANOVA, BMAA: p = 0.02, feeding: p > 0.05, BMAA × feeding: p > 0.05). BMAA does not affect the number of eggs in the second clutch under non-feeding condition (one-way ANOVA, p > 0.05), but significantly affects the number of eggs under feeding conditions (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05) by increasing the number of eggs under exposure to 200 µg L⁻¹ BMAA (Tukey’s HSD, p < 0.01). (C) BMAA does not affect the ratio between the eggs in the first and the second clutch after the exposure to the toxin in non-feeding animals (Fischer’s exact test, pairwise comparisons with the 0 µg L⁻¹ BMAA, p > 0.05 for each comparison). BMAA increases the proportion of eggs in the second clutch in feeding animals (Fischer’s exact test, pairwise comparisons with the 0 µg L⁻¹ BMAA: 200 µg L⁻¹ BMAA: p < 0.001; 500 µg L⁻¹ BMAA: p = 0.05; 1000 µg L⁻¹ BMAA: p < 0.001). (A–C) Sample size for the non-feeding females: 0 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 5; 200 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 6; 500 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 5; 1000 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 5. Sample size for feeding females: 0 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 6; 200 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 8; 500 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 8; 1000 µg L⁻¹ BMAA n = 8. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM).