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. 2018 Oct 24;6(4):127. doi: 10.3390/sports6040127

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Molecular events after a concurrent training including low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or sprint interval training (SIT). A concurrent training incorporating resistance exercise, low-volume, high-intensity endurance exercise leads to a significant lower activation of AMPK, and thus to a very low activation of TSC 1/2, FOXO, MaFbx, MuRF 1, ULK-1, MyoD and Atrogin-1 molecules, allowing the increased myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis, and keeping low the rates of proteins degradation. 4EBP1: Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; AKT: Protein kinase B; AMP:ATP: Adenosine monophosphate: Adenosine triphosphate ratio; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Ca2+: Calcium ions; CaMK II: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases II; eEF2: Eukaryotic elongation factor 2; eEF2K: Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase; eIF4B: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B; eIF4E: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; ERK 1/2: extracellular signal–regulated kinases ½; ERRs: Estrogen receptor related receptor (ERR) family; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase; FOXO: Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; JNK: Jun amino-terminal kinase; MaFbx: Muscle-atrophy f-box; MEF 2: myocyte enhancer factor-2; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin (in this text we are referring to Raptor mTOR); MuRF 1: Muscle ring-finger 1; MyoD: Myoblast determination protein; NRF 1: Nuclear respiratory factor 1; NRF 2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (also known as NFE2L2); p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; p70S6k: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (also known as S6K1); PDK1: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; PGC-1a: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1a; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; PPARs: Seroxisome proliferator–activated receptor family; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; S6: Ribosomal s6 kinase (also known as rsk and p70rsk); SIRT: Sirtuin; TFAM: Mitochondrial transcription factor A; TSC 1/2: Tuberous sclerosis complex ½; ULK 1: Unc-51-like kinase.