Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 430 men from the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study cohort. NH: non-Hutterite.
| Normoglycemic | Prediabetic | T2D | p-Value 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 358 | 51 | 21 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 41.6 ± 0.6 a | 45.8 ± 1.7 | 53.0 ± 2.6 a | <0.001 |
| Population Group (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Hutterite (n = 161) | 73.3 | 18.0 | 8.7 | |
| NH Rural (n = 160) | 89.3 | 8.8 | 1.9 | |
| NH Non-rural (n = 109) | 89.0 | 7.3 | 3.7 | |
| Ever Married (%) | 81.3 | 92.2 | 95.2 | 0.06 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Height (cm) | 177.9 ± 0.4 | 177.9 ± 0.9 | 174.3 ± 1.5 | 0.06 |
| Weight (kg) | 91.1 ± 0.8 a | 98.5 ± 2.1 a | 95.9 ± 3.3 | 0.003 |
| Lifestyle Variables | ||||
| Smokers (%) | 33.2 | 24.0 | 38.1 | 0.43 |
| BP Meds (%) | 8.7 | 23.5 | 47.6 | <0.001 |
| % Time in MVPA 2 | 21.8 ± 0.5 | 23.1 ± 1.4 | 19.3 ± 2.1 | 0.32 |
| Daily Macronutrient Intake 2 | ||||
| Total energy (kcal) | 2373 ± 33 | 2218 ± 87 | 2060 ± 135 | 0.03 3 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 265 ± 5 ab | 224 ± 12 b | 202 ± 19 a | <0.001 |
| Fat (g) | 97 ± 2 | 98 ± 4 | 90 ± 7 | 0.55 |
| Protein (g) | 105 ± 2 | 102 ± 4 | 102 ± 7 | 0.80 |
Values are means ± sem or n (percentages). 1 Significance based on ANOVA for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables; means with similar superscripts are different using a post hoc Tukey test. 2 Physical activity levels and nutrient intakes at baseline were the average of the baseline, 3-and 6-month recalls. 3 No means differed by post-hoc Tukey test for multiple comparisons. Abbreviations: T2D, type 2 diabetic; NH, non-Hutterite; BP Meds, hypertensive medications; MVPA, moderate-plus-vigorous physical activity.