Table 2.
Anthropometrics, activity levels, and diet intake of the 411 men from the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study cohort, according to glycemic categories after three years of follow-up.
| Baseline: | Normoglycemic | Prediabetic | Normoglycemic or Prediabetic | T2D | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-Up: | Normoglycemic | Prediabetic | Normoglycemic | Prediabetic | T2D | T2D | p-Value 1 |
| Participants (n) | 272 | 65 | 25 | 19 | 12 | 18 | |
| Baseline Age (years) | 41.0 ± 0.7 ab | 42.6 ± 1.5 c | 43.9 ± 2.6 | 47.1 ± 2.3 | 51.9 ± 2.3 b | 53.0 ± 2.2 ac | <0.001 |
| Baseline Height (cm) | 177.9 ± 0.4 | 177.0 ± 0.8 | 179.4 ± 1.0 | 176.9 ± 2.0 | 175.3 ± 1.7 | 175.1 ± 1.7 | 0.17 |
| Weight (kg) | |||||||
| Baseline | 90.3 ± 0.9 ‡ | 92.5 ± 2.0 | 96.1 ± 3.3 | 98.8 ± 3.9 | 100.4 ± 4.1 | 96.0 ± 3.1 | 0.01 3 |
| Follow-Up | 91.5 ± 0.9 | 93.3 ± 2.0 | 95.2 ± 3.4 | 100.1 ± 4.3 | 98.3 ± 4.0 | 96.0 ± 3.3 | 0.08 |
| % Time MVPA 2 | |||||||
| Baseline | 21.0 ± 0.6 ‡ | 23.7 ± 1.2 | 22.6 ± 1.7 | 24.4 ± 2.3 | 26.2 ± 3.0 | 19.8 ± 2.1 | 0.11 |
| Follow-Up | 22.5 ± 0.6 | 22.1 ± 1.1 | 19.9 ± 1.6 | 21.9 ± 2.1 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | 22.8 ± 2.4 | 0.77 |
| Daily Intake 2 | |||||||
| Total Energy (kcal) | |||||||
| Baseline | 2344 ± 38 | 2435 ± 75 | 2284 ± 130 | 2140 ± 106 | 2248 ± 183 | 2067 ± 108 | 0.18 |
| Follow-Up | 2382 ± 38 a | 2386 ± 81 b | 2268 ± 102 | 2211 ± 95 | 2176 ± 189 | 1898 ± 132 ab | 0.02 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | |||||||
| Baseline | 263 ± 5 a | 268 ± 11 | 239 ± 17 | 208 ± 14 ‡ | 233 ± 21 | 204 ± 15 a | 0.003 |
| Follow-Up | 265 ± 5 a | 267 ± 13 b | 248 ± 16 | 232 ± 14 | 208 ± 19 | 186 ± 16 ab | 0.001 |
| Fat (g) | |||||||
| Baseline | 95 ± 2 | 102 ± 4 | 101 ± 7 | 94 ± 6 | 94 ± 10 | 91 ± 8 | 0.57 |
| Follow-Up | 101 ± 2 ‡ | 100 ± 3 | 95 ± 5 | 98 ± 6 | 99 ± 11 | 90 ± 8 | 0.75 |
| Protein (g) | |||||||
| Baseline | 103 ± 2 | 107 ± 4 | 105 ± 7 | 96 ± 5 | 101 ± 11 | 101 ± 6 | 0.79 |
| Follow-Up | 104 ± 2 | 106 ± 3 | 105 ± 5 | 98 ± 5 | 107 ± 11 | 93 ± 8 | 0.50 |
Values are unadjusted means ± sem or n (percentages). ‡ Significant change from baseline to follow-up based on paired t-test. 1 Significance among glycemic categories based on ANOVA for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables; means with similar superscripts are different using a post hoc Tukey test. 2 Physical activity (PA) levels and nutrient intakes at baseline were the averages of the baseline, three-month, and six-month recalls, and at follow-up were the averages of 30-month, 33-month, and 36-month recalls. 3 No means differed by post hoc Tukey test for multiple comparisons. Abbreviations: T2D, type 2 diabetic; MVPA, moderate-plus-vigorous physical activity.