Table 1.
Sample characteristics by dietary-lifestyle patterns (% of the sample or median (interquartile range)).
| Variables | Total Sample | Prudent-Active | Fast-Food-Sedentary | notPrudent-notFast-Food-LowActive | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 1549 | 454 | 214 | 881 | |
| Sample percentage | 100.0 | 29.3 | 13.8 | 56.9 | |
| Gender | *** | ||||
| boys | 48.5 | 41.9 | 59.3 | 49.3 | |
| girls | 51.5 | 58.1 | 40.7 | 50.7 | |
| Age (years) | * | ||||
| 11 | 16.6 | 20.0 | 13.6 | 15.6 | |
| 12 | 73.5 | 72.3 | 73.3 | 74.2 | |
| 13 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 13.1 | 10.2 | |
| Residence | ns | ||||
| rural | 40.4 | 43.6 | 39.7 | 38.9 | |
| urban | 59.6 | 56.4 | 60.3 | 61.1 | |
| Family Affluence Scale (points) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | *** |
| Family Affluence Scale | *** | ||||
| low | 24.4 | 24.0 | 35.0 | 20.4 | |
| moderate | 49.9 | 52.0 | 43.5 | 48.6 | |
| high | 25.7 | 24.0 | 21.5 | 31.0 | |
| Nutrition knowledge score (points) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | **** |
| Nutrition knowledge score (tertiles) | **** | ||||
| bottom | 30.9 | 32.3 | 49.1 | 19.6 | |
| middle | 39.2 | 40.5 | 35.5 | 38.3 | |
| upper | 29.9 | 27.2 | 15.4 | 42.1 | |
| Central obesity a | 12.1 | 7.8 | 15.2 | 13.6 | ** |
| BMI-for-age by international standards, 2012 b | * | ||||
| thinness | 9.4 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 10.1 | |
| normal weight | 66.0 | 72.4 | 66.5 | 62.6 | |
| overweight/obesity | 24.6 | 19.3 | 24.4 | 27.4 | |
| BMI-for-age by Polish standards, 2010 c | ns | ||||
| thinness | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 3.3 | |
| normal weight | 74.5 | 78.6 | 73.1 | 72.6 | |
| overweight/obesity | 21.9 | 17.5 | 22.3 | 24.1 | |
| Components of dietary-lifestyle patterns | |||||
| Breakfast consumption (days/week) | **** | ||||
| <1 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 15.0 | 4.9 | |
| 1 to 3 | 11.8 | 8.6 | 18.7 | 11.8 | |
| 4 to 6 | 12.6 | 7.5 | 14.5 | 14.6 | |
| every day | 69.9 | 80.8 | 51.8 | 68.7 | |
| School meal consumption (days/week) | **** | ||||
| <1 | 5.7 | 1.1 | 10.7 | 6.8 | |
| 1 to 2 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 18.7 | 7.7 | |
| 3 to 4 | 18.1 | 12.1 | 19.2 | 20.9 | |
| every school day | 68.9 | 85.7 | 51.4 | 64.6 | |
| Frequency of consumption of (times/day) | |||||
| vegetables | 0.43 (0.43–1.00) | 1.00 (0.79–1.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | **** |
| fruits | 0.79 (0.14–1.00) | 1.00 (0.79–2.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | **** |
| fruit or vegetable juices | 0.43 (0.14–1.00) | 1.00 (0.43–1.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | **** |
| dairy products | 0.79 (0.43–1.00) | 1.00 (0.79–1.00) | 0.79 (0.43–1.00) | 0.43 (0.43–0.79) | **** |
| fish | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.14 (0.06–0.43) | 0.06 (0.00–0.14) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | **** |
| fast foods | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.06 (0.00–0.06) | 0.43 (0.06–0.43) | 0.06 (0.06–0.06) | **** |
| sweetened beverages | 0.43 (0.06–0.43) | 0.14 (0.06–0.43) | 1.00 (0.43–2.00) | 0.14 (0.06–0.43) | **** |
| energy drinks | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.06 (0.00–0.43) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | **** |
| sweets | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 0.43 (0.14–0.79) | 1.00 (0.43–1.00) | 0.43 (0.14–0.43) | **** |
| Screen time (h/day) | **** | ||||
| <2 | 46.2 | 59.3 | 15.4 | 46.9 | |
| 2 to <4 | 34.5 | 31.9 | 26.7 | 37.7 | |
| 4 to <6 | 11.5 | 5.9 | 26.6 | 10.7 | |
| 6 to <8 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 11.7 | 3.6 | |
| 8 to <10 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 7.0 | 0.5 | |
| ≥10 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 12.6 | 0.6 | |
| Physical activity at school d | **** | ||||
| low | 5.6 | 1.1 | 10.3 | 6.7 | |
| moderate | 48.7 | 36.1 | 50.0 | 54.9 | |
| high | 45.7 | 62.8 | 39.7 | 38.4 | |
| Physical activity at leisure time e | **** | ||||
| low | 9.6 | 2.2 | 21.5 | 10.4 | |
| moderate | 40.4 | 26.4 | 40.2 | 47.7 | |
| high | 50.0 | 71.4 | 38.3 | 41.9 |
Sample size may vary in variables due to missing data. a Central obesity identified as waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5 [32]. BMI: body mass index. BMI-for-age categorized with sex-specific cut-offs according to: b international standards (International Obesity Task Force, IOTF), 2012 [30] as follows: thinness BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; normal weight BMI = 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2; overweight/obesity BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, c Polish standards, 2010 [31] as follows: thinness BMI<5th percentiles; normal weight BMI = 5 to <85th percentiles; overweight/obesity BMI ≥ 85th percentiles. d Physical activity at school: low (most of the time in a sitting position, in class or on breaks), moderate (half the time in a sitting position and half the time in motion), vigorous (most of the time on the move or in classes related to high physical exertion). e Physical activity at leisure time: low (more time spent sitting, watching TV, in front of a computer, reading, light housework, short walks totalling up to 2 h a week), moderate (walking, cycling, gymnastics, working at home or other light physical activity performed 2–3 h/week), vigorous (cycling, running, working at home or other sports activities requiring physical effort over 3 h/week). Statistically significant: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; ns—not significant.