Table 2.
Basic characteristics and dietary habits among frail, prefrail, and robust men, as diagnosed by the KCL criteria.
| Robust (n = 163) | Prefrail (n = 72) | Frail (n = 19) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.4 ± 5.6 | 74.7 ± 7.0 | 73.3 ± 6.9 | 0.026 (R vs. P) |
| Height (cm) | 164.3 ± 5.8 | 163.6 ± 6.4 | 163.7 ± 4.0 | n.s. |
| BW (kg) | 63.2 ± 8.5 | 62.1 ± 10.1 | 60.0 ± 8.2 | n.s. |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.8 | 23.1 ± 3.2 | 22.4 ± 3.1 | n.s. |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137.5 ± 19.0 | 136.9 ± 15.9 | 138.7 ± 19.8 | n.s. |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.4 ± 11.6 | 77.7 ± 10.6 | 80.9 ± 11.3 | n.s. |
| MMSE score | 28.3 ± 1.8 | 28.0 ± 1.9 | 28.1 ± 1.9 | n.s. |
| Smoking Habit | ||||
| Never | 48 (29.4) | 18 (25.0) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Past | 98 (60.1) | 49 (68.1) | 8 (42.1) | |
| Current | 17 (10.4) | 5 (6.9) | 6 (31.6) | 0.033 |
| Alcohol drinking | 126 (77.3) | 51 (70.8) | 15 (78.9) | n.s. |
| Exercise habit | 106 (65.0) | 39 (54.2) | 9 (47.4) | n.s. |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 81 (49.7) | 38 (52.8) | 9 (47.4) | n.s. |
| DM | 32 (19.6) | 17 (23.6) | 1 (5.3) | n.s. |
| Dyslipidemia | 26 (16.0) | 17 (23.6) | 1 (5.3) | n.s. |
| Chronic liver disease | 10 (6.1) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (10.5) | n.s. |
| CKD | 9 (5.5) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (5.3) | n.s. |
| CVD | 20 (12.3) | 13 (18.1) | 1 (5.3) | n.s. |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 13 (8.0) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (5.3) | n.s. |
| Asthma/ COPD | 5 (3.1) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (5.3) | n.s. |
| Thyroid disease | 6 (3.7) | 2 (2.8) | 0 | n.s. |
| Osteoporosis | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.8) | 0 | |
| RA and collagen disease | 2 (1.2) | 2 (2.8) | 0 | |
| History of cancer | 21 (12.9) | 7 (9.7) | 2 (10.5) | n.s. |
| Robust (n = 163) | Prefrail (n = 72) | Frail (n = 19) | p-value | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2250 ± 633 | 2239 ± 623 | 1807 ± 575 | 0.021 (R vs. F) 0.048 (P vs. F) |
| Energy intake/BW (kcal/day/kg) | 36.2 ± 11.2 | 36.9 ± 11.9 | 30.6 ± 10.1 | n.s. |
| Macro- and micronutrients | ||||
| Carbohydrate (% energy/day) | 51.4 ± 8.3 | 50.3 ± 8.1 | 49.8 ± 8.5 | n.s. |
| Total protein (% energy/day) | 15.5 ± 3.0 | 15.8 ± 3.6 | 14.4 ± 3.8 | n.s. |
| Fat (% energy/day) | 25.2 ± 5.0 | 26.7 ± 4.8 | 24.6 ± 8.0 | n.s. |
| Sodium (g/day) | 5.14 ± 1.74 | 5.18 ± 1.63 | 4.05 ± 1.26 | 0.021 (R vs. F) 0.026 (P vs. F) |
| Potassium (g/day) | 3.32 ± 1.32 | 3.18 ± 1.22 | 2.37 ± 0.98 | 0.007 (R vs. F) 0.039 (F vs. F) |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 780 ± 365 | 768 ± 314 | 502 ± 245 | 0.003 (R vs. F) 0.009 (P vs. F) |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 332 ± 124 | 316 ± 109 | 239 ± 87 | 0.003 (R vs. F) 0.031 (P vs. F) |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1388 ± 555 | 1377 ± 500 | 980 ± 387 | 0.005 (R vs. F) 0.011 (P vs. F) |
| Iron (mg/day) | 10.2 ± 4.1 | 9.8 ± 3.8 | 7.2 ± 3.1 | 0.005 (R vs. F) 0.033 (P vs. F) |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 9.98 ± 3.39 | 9.88 ± 3.43 | 7.53 ± 2.77 | 0.008 (R vs. F) 0.019 (P vs. F) |
| Manganese (mg/day) | 3.82 ± 1.32 | 3.49 ± 1.28 | 2.93 ± 1.14 | n.s. |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.43 ± 0.49 | 1.34 ± 0.45 | 1.07 ± 0.44 | 0.007 (R vs. F) |
| Retinol equivalent (μg /day) | 1104 ± 867 | 1099 ± 833 | 792 ± 651 | n.s. |
| α-Carotene (μg/day) | 507 ± 402 | 437 ± 373 | 333 ± 262 | n.s. |
| β-Carotene (equivalent μg/day) | 5098 ± 3113 | 4507 ± 2948 | 3043 ± 1973 | 0.014 (R vs. F) |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 22.3 ± 16.5 | 21.8 ± 15.5 | 13.6 ± 11.1 | n.s. |
| α-Tocopherol (mg/day) | 9.32 ± 3.61 | 9.27 ± 3.45 | 6.53 ± 3.06 | 0.004 (R vs. F) 0.008 (P vs. F) |
| γ-Tocopherol (mg/day) | 15.0 ± 5.4 | 15.4 ± 5.4 | 12.1 ± 6.1 | 0.049 (P vs. F) |
| Vitamin K (mg/day) | 430 ± 239 | 369 ± 208 | 295 ± 176 | 0.038 (R vs. F) |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 0.95 ± 0.36 | 0.95 ± 0.35 | 0.68 ± 0.29 | 0.007 (R vs. F) 0.012 (P vs. F) |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 1.69 ± 0.65 | 1.67 ± 0.64 | 1.23 ± 0.50 | 0.009 (R vs. F) 0.021 (P vs. F) |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 21.0 ± 8.3 | 21.1 ± 8.6 | 16.5 ± 7.2 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.64 ± 0.62 | 1.59 ± 0.60 | 1.26 ± 0.53 | 0.028 (R vs. F) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 13.7 ± 8.7 | 13.9 ± 8.5 | 9.9 ± 7.2 | n.s. |
| Folate (μg/day) | 471 ± 205 | 425 ± 188 | 329 ± 151 | 0.009 (R vs. F) |
| Pantothenic acid (mg/day) | 8.22 ± 2.99 | 8.07 ± 2.93 | 6.09 ± 2.53 | 0.009 (R vs. F) 0.026 (P vs. F) |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 161 ± 83 | 144 ± 73 | 104 ± 57 | 0.008 (R vs. F) |
| Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) | 427 ± 402 | 405 ± 358 | 199 ± 192 | 0.036 (R vs. F) |
| Food group (g/day) | ||||
| Cereals | 441 ± 170 | 424 ± 186 | 364 ± 161 | n.s. |
| Potatoes | 64.1 ± 60.6 | 60.2 ± 57.4 | 56.0 ± 50.3 | n.s. |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 6.01 ± 4.10 | 7.20 ± 5.43 | 4.28 ± 4.55 | 0.036 (P vs. F) |
| Soy products | 90.8 ± 56.5 | 81.1 ± 50.5 | 62.3 ± 47.9 | n.s. |
| Total vegetables | 355 ± 204 | 322 ± 186 | 245 ± 142 | n.s. |
| Fruits | 159 ± 137 | 152 ± 119 | 119 ± 83 | 0.041 (R vs. F) |
| Fish and shellfish | 114 ± 77 | 115 ± 79 | 79 ± 77 | n.s. |
| Meats | 72.1 ± 41.5 | 81.7 ± 54.7 | 66.1 ± 52.9 | n.s. |
| Eggs | 49.0 ± 31.8 | 51.1 ± 36.3 | 32.2 ± 26.2 | n.s. |
| Dairy products | 174 ± 126 | 199 ± 146 | 115 ± 141 | 0.039 (P vs. F) |
| Oil | 12.0 ± 5.3 | 12.6 ± 5.8 | 10.3 ± 6.9 | n.s. |
| Confectioneries | 64.9 ± 53.9 | 62.0 ± 48.9 | 42.8 ± 49.8 | n.s. |
Mean ± SD or number (%), n.s.: not significant, R: Robust, P: Prefrail, F: Frail.