Table 4.
Basic characteristics and dietary habits among frail, prefrail, and robust men, as diagnosed by the J-CHS criteria.
| Robust (n = 104) | Prefrail (n = 139) | Frail (n = 9) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73.4 ± 5.0 | 72.8 ± 7.0 | 74.9 ± 7.0 | n.s. |
| Height (cm) | 164.4 ± 6.0 | 163.8 ± 5.8 | 165.6 ± 5.4 | n.s. |
| BW (kg) | 62.6 ± 8.7 | 62.8 ± 9.1 | 61.4 ± 11.0 | n.s. |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 2.9 | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 22.4 ± 4.2 | n.s. |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.3 ± 16.5 | 137.8 ± 19.6 | 142.6 ± 14.0 | n.s. |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.7 ± 10.9 | 81.3 ± 11.8 | 81.9 ± 10.0 | n.s. |
| MMSE score | 28.2 ± 1.9 | 28.1 ± 1.9 | 28.3 ± 1.8 | n.s. |
| Smoking Habit | ||||
| Never | 30 (28.8) | 39 (28.3) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Past | 65 (62.5) | 83 (59.7) | 5 (55.6) | |
| Current | 9 (8.7) | 17 (12.2) | 2 (22.2) | n.s. |
| Alcohol drinking | 76 (73.1) | 108 (77.7) | 7 (77.8) | n.s. |
| Exercise habit | 104 (100.0) | 50 (75.2) | 0 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 45 (43.3) | 77 (55.4) | 5 (55.6) | n.s. |
| DM | 26 (25.0) | 20 (14.4) | 3 (33.3) | n.s. |
| Dyslipidemia | 19 (18.3) | 24 (17.3) | 0 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 9 (8.7) | 7 (5.0) | 0 | |
| CKD | 6 (5.8) | 4 (2.9) | 1 (11.1) | n.s. |
| CVD | 17 (16.3) | 17 (12.2) | 0 | |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 9 (8.7) | 9 (6.5) | 0 | |
| Asthma/ COPD | 4 (3.8) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (11.1) | n.s. |
| Thyroid disease | 4 (3.8) | 4 (2.9) | 0 | |
| Osteoporosis | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (11.1) | 0.02 |
| RA and collagen disease | 1 (1.0) | 3 (2.2) | 0 | |
| History of cancer | 14 (13.5) | 14 (10.1) | 2 (22.2) | n.s. |
| Robust (n = 104) | Prefrail (n = 139) | Frail (n = 9) | p-value | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2305 ± 605 | 2170 ± 644 | 1809 ± 567 | n.s. |
| Energy intake/BW (kcal/day/kg) | 37.4 ± 11.0 | 35.2 ± 11.5 | 30.6 ± 11.6 | n.s. |
| Macro- and micronutrients | ||||
| Carbohydrate (% energy/day) | 50.7 ± 7.9 | 51.6 ± 8.4 | 48.4 ± 9.2 | n.s. |
| Total protein (% energy/day) | 15.8 ± 3.0 | 15.2 ± 3.3 | 16.6 ± 4.4 | n.s. |
| Fat (% energy/day) | 25.9 ± 4.6 | 25.1 ± 5.6 | 28.0 ± 6.7 | n.s. |
| Sodium (g/day) | 5.26 ± 1.63 | 4.93 ± 1.75 | 4.71 ± 1.44 | n.s. |
| Potassium (g/day) | 3.47 ± 1.31 | 3.04 ± 1.25 | 2.64 ± 1.29 | 0.029 (R vs. P) |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 814 ± 354 | 723 ± 344 | 560 ± 325 | n.s. |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 342 ± 123 | 308 ± 116 | 265 ± 95 | n.s. |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1440 ± 535 | 1300 ± 532 | 1156 ± 472 | n.s. |
| Iron (mg/day) | 10.68 ± 4.03 | 9.32 ± 3.44 | 8.15 ± 2.92 | 0.023 (R vs. P) |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 10.29 ± 3.36 | 9.46 ± 3.44 | 8.53 ± 2.68 | n.s. |
| Manganese (mg/day) | 3.83 ± 1.29 | 3.60 ± 1.34 | 2.78 ± 0.90 | n.s. |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.46 ± 0.50 | 1.33 ± 0.47 | 1.15 ± 0.41 | n.s. |
| Retinol equivalent (μg /day) | 1210 ± 1028 | 984 ± 665 | 1094 ± 946 | n.s. |
| α-Carotene (μg/day) | 530 ± 400 | 440 ± 371 | 420 ± 479 | n.s. |
| β-Carotene equivalent (μg/day) | 5405 ± 3113 | 4401 ± 2930 | 3742 ± 3093 | 0.029 (R vs. P) |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 22.9 ± 16.4 | 20.3 ± 15.3 | 19.0 ± 14.6 | n.s. |
| α-Tocopherol (mg/day) | 9.69 ± 3.41 | 8.69 ± 3.69 | 7.80 ± 2.80 | n.s. |
| γ-Tocopherol (mg/day) | 15.2 ± 5.2 | 14.7 ± 5.7 | 13.9 ± 4.6 | n.s. |
| Vitamin K (mg/day) | 443 ± 238 | 380 ± 224 | 313 ± 140 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 1.00 ± 0.35 | 0.88 ± 0.36 | 0.81 ± 0.38 | 0.024 (R vs. P) |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 1.78 ± 0.65 | 1.57 ± 0.63 | 1.33 ± 0.56 | 0.032 (R vs. P) |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 22.0 ± 8.5 | 19.8 ± 8.3 | 17.7 ± 6.5 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.72 ± 0.61 | 1.52 ± 0.60 | 1.27 ± 0.60 | 0.026 (R vs. P) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 14.4 ± 8.8 | 12.7 ± 8.3 | 11.5 ± 6.5 | n.s. |
| Folate (μg/day) | 493 ± 208 | 419 ± 190 | 365 ± 175 | 0.011 (R vs. P) |
| Pantothenic acid (mg/day) | 8.60 ± 3.01 | 7.67 ± 2.93 | 6.80 ± 2.61 | 0.043 (R vs. P) |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 171 ± 82 | 140 ± 76 | 118 ± 90 | 0.008 (R vs. P) |
| Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) | 484 ± 429 | 358 ± 325 | 358 ± 455 | n.s. |
| Food group (g/day) | ||||
| Cereals | 427 ± 166 | 438 ± 181 | 381 ± 178 | n.s. |
| Potatoes | 70.2 ± 61.5 | 56.7 ± 54.9 | 65.0 ± 82.7 | n.s. |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 6.47 ± 4.20 | 5.93 ± 4.62 | 6.95 ± 7.11 | n.s. |
| Soy products | 93.1 ± 59.9 | 81.4 ± 48.9 | 61.0 ± 34.0 | n.s. |
| Total vegetables | 369 ± 194 | 317 ± 197 | 281 ± 206 | n.s. |
| Fruits | 172 ± 150 | 137 ± 109 | 107 ± 104 | n.s. |
| Fish and shellfish | 118 ± 78 | 106 ± 74 | 96 ± 60 | n.s. |
| Meats | 80.1 ± 48.1 | 70.1 ± 46.3 | 76.7 ± 30.5 | n.s. |
| Eggs | 51.2 ± 29.7 | 45.9 ± 33.8 | 45.0 ± 35.1 | n.s. |
| Dairy products | 188 ± 122 | 174 ± 144 | 122 ± 101 | n.s. |
| Oil | 12.1 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 5.7 | 11.7 ± 5.3 | n.s. |
| Confectioneries | 70.7 ± 56.1 | 59.0 ± 49.9 | 30.7 ± 20.3 | 0.038 (R vs. F) |
Mean ± SD or number (%), n.s.: not significant, R: Robust, P: Prefrail, F: Frail.