Table 5.
Basic characteristics and dietary habits among frail, prefrail, and robust women, as diagnosed by the J-CHS criteria.
| Robust (n = 227) | Prefrail (n = 294) | Frail (n = 23) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.2 ± 5.4 | 72.3 ± 5.5 | 76.5 ± 7.8 | 0.002 (R vs. F) 0.002 (P vs. F) |
| Height (cm) | 152.2 ± 5.2 | 151.2 ± 5.4 | 147.6 ± 7.6 | <0.001(R vs. F) 0.007 (P vs. F) |
| BW (kg) | 51.0 ± 6.4 | 51.7 ± 7.5 | 49.1 ± 8.9 | n.s. |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 ± 2.5 | 22.6 ± 3.0 | 22.5 ± 4.2 | 0.042 (R vs. P) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.8 ± 17.3 | 140.0 ± 17.4 | 142.6 ± 17.8 | n.s. |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.5 ± 10.7 | 80.8 ± 10.2 | 80.4 ± 9.2 | n.s. |
| MMSE score | 28.4 ± 1.7 | 28.4 ± 1.8 | 27.6 ± 1.9 | n.s. |
| Smoking Habit | ||||
| Never | 215 (94.7) | 269 (91.5) | 22 (95.7) | |
| Past | 7 (3.1) | 19 (6.5) | 0 | |
| Current | 5 (2.2) | 6 (2.0) | 1 (4.3) | n.s. |
| Alcohol drinking | 65 (28.6) | 89 (30.3) | 2 (8.7) | n.s. |
| Exercise habit | 227 (100.0) | 121 (41.2) | 3 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 90 (39.6) | 129 (43.9) | 14 (60.9) | n.s. |
| DM | 20 (8.8) | 24 (8.2) | 4 (17.4) | n.s. |
| Dyslipidemia | 50 (22.0) | 94 (32.0) | 3 (13.0) | 0.012 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5 (2.2) | 10 (3.4) | 3 (13.0) | 0.021 |
| CKD | 1 (0.4) | 12 (4.1) | 2 (8.7) | 0.009 |
| CVD | 11 (4.8) | 23 (7.8) | 2 (8.7) | n.s. |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 8 (3.5) | 18 (6.1) | 4 (17.4) | 0.017 |
| Asthma/ COPD | 4 (1.8) | 11 (3.7) | 2 (8.7) | n.s. |
| Thyroid disease | 8 (3.5) | 17 (5.8) | 2 (8.7) | n.s. |
| Osteoporosis | 29 (12.8) | 60 (20.4) | 4 (17.4) | n.s. |
| RA and collagen disease | 7 (3.1) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (4.3) | n.s. |
| History of cancer | 10 (4.4) | 15 (5.1) | 3 (13.0) | n.s. |
| Robust (n = 227) | Prefrail (n = 294) | Frail (n = 23) | p-value | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1978 ± 551 | 1962 ± 585 | 2010 ± 472 | n.s. |
| Energy intake/BW (kcal/day/kg) | 39.5 ± 12.6 | 38.7 ± 13.0 | 41.9 ± 12.3 | n.s. |
| Macro- and micronutrients | ||||
| Carbohydrate (% energy/day) | 52.0 ± 7.0 | 51.8 ± 7.5 | 53.3 ± 5.9 | n.s. |
| Total protein (% energy/day) | 18.1 ± 3.3 | 17.7 ± 3.4 | 16.8 ± 3.2 | n.s. |
| Fat (% energy/day) | 28.6 ± 4.8. | 28.8 ± 5.1 | 29.0 ± 4.5 | n.s. |
| Sodium (g/day) | 4.78 ± 1.53 | 4.73 ± 1.61 | 4.72 ± 1.57 | n.s. |
| Potassium (g/day) | 3.57 ± 1.16 | 3.33 ± 1.21 | 3.47 ± 1.42 | 0.048 (R vs. P) |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 826 ± 302 | 776 ± 301 | 819 ± 381 | n.s. |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 334 ± 106 | 317 ± 110 | 325 ± 123 | n.s. |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1414 ± 492 | 1357 ± 504 | 1379 ± 529 | n.s. |
| Iron (mg/day) | 10.6 ± 3.5 | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 10.4 ± 3.7 | n.s. |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 9,78 ± 3.11 | 9.61 ± 3.16 | 9.56 ± 3.07 | n.s. |
| Manganese (mg/day) | 3.92 ± 1.12 | 3.83 ± 1.18 | 3.87 ± 1.14 | n.s. |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.38 ± 0.42 | 1.33 ± 0.43 | 1.41 ± 0.45 | n.s. |
| Retinol equivalent (μg /day) | 1080 ± 732 | 958 ± 555 | 1016 ± 580 | n.s. |
| α-Carotene (μg/day) | 680 ± 423 | 633 ± 445 | 703 ± 565 | n.s. |
| β-Carotene equivalent (μg/day) | 6111 ± 3083 | 5657 ± 3236 | 6295 ± 4494 | n.s. |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 25.5 ± 16.2 | 23.9 ± 15.8 | 21.6 ± 15.1 | n.s. |
| α-Tocopherol (mg/day) | 9.80 ± 3.33 | 9.45 ± 3.60 | 10.52 ± 4.70 | n.s. |
| γ-Tocopherol (mg/day) | 14.0 ± 4.9 | 14.0 ± 5.4 | 15.6 ± 4.5 | n.s. |
| Vitamin K (mg/day) | 432 ± 203 | 401 ± 205 | 421 ± 280 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 1.01 ± 0.33 | 0.97 ± 0.35 | 0.95 ± 0.33 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 1.75 ± 0.54 | 1.67 ± 0.57 | 1.75 ± 0.60 | n.s. |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 22.0 ± 8.3 | 21.2 ± 8.7 | 19.9 ± 8.1 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.69 ± 0.58 | 1.61 ± 0.61 | 1.60 ± 0.63 | n.s. |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 14.1 ± 7.9 | 13.8 ± 8.4 | 13.1 ± 9.0 | n.s. |
| Folate (μg/day) | 499 ± 181 | 462 ± 176 | 480 ± 224 | 0.049 (R vs. P) |
| Pantothenic acid (mg/day) | 8.31 ± 2.65 | 7.89 ± 2.73 | 8.08 ± 2.62 | n.s. |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 193 ± 78 | 173 ± 75 | 180 ± 103 | 0.013 (R vs. P) |
| Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) | 527 ± 378 | 474 ± 380 | 477 ± 437 | n.s. |
| Food group (g/day) | ||||
| Cereals | 340 ± 137 | 345 ± 149 | 376 ± 134 | n.s. |
| Potatoes | 76.8 ± 60.4 | 65.7 ± 55.5 | 73.4 ± 47.4 | n.s. |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 6.26 ± 4.14 | 5.94 ± 4.78 | 6.87 ± 4.50 | n.s. |
| Soy products | 91.5 ± 47.3 | 87.0 ± 49.6 | 89.9 ± 52.8 | n.s. |
| Total vegetables | 391 ± 185 | 372 ± 185 | 385 ± 262 | n.s. |
| Fruits | 193 ± 123 | 170 ± 116 | 190 ± 166 | n.s. |
| Fish and shellfish | 124 ± 75 | 120 ± 80 | 123 ± 108 | n.s. |
| Meats | 79.5 ± 50.4 | 80.6 ± 48.4 | 58.7 ± 23.2 | n.s. |
| Eggs | 44.3 ± 26.0 | 44.5 ± 29.6 | 60.1 ± 42.4 | 0.036 (R vs. F) 0.033 (P vs. F). |
| Dairy products | 179 ± 101 | 169 ± 104 | 211 ± 133 | n.s. |
| Oil | 10.4 ± 5.2 | 10.6 ± 5.2 | 11.7 ± 4.8 | n.s. |
| Confectioneries | 70.1 ± 53.8 | 71.8 ± 56.8 | 59.2 ± 39.5 | n.s. |
Mean ± SD or number (%), n.s.: not significant, R: Robust, P: Prefrail, F: Frail.