Figure 1.

Observed richness (A), evenness (B), and Shannon–Wiener diversity (C) boxplots of the gut bacteria occurring in the midgut and/or ileum in indoor-reared bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) before (n = 15) and after hibernation (n = 15). The boxplots show the upper and lower quartiles; the whiskers indicate variability outside the upper and lower quartiles. Further, the median is plotted. Diversity indices were significantly different (p < 0.05) between treatments (Shannon–Wiener values were first exponentially transformed before performing the statistical analysis).