Table 2.
Dietary characteristics of the study sample by sex 1.
| Total | Men | Women | p Value 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 2011 | 737 | 1274 | |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2271.5 ± 747.3 | 2535.7 ± 864.3 | 2119.2 ± 621.7 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 81.2 ± 23.3 | 89.7 ± 34.2 | 76.3 ± 23.5 | <0.0001 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 89.7 ± 33.1 | 97.5 ± 37.7 | 85.1 ± 28.2 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 282.4 ± 96.5 | 308.9 ± 108.3 | 267.1 ± 85.2 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium intake (mg/day) | 3073.4 ± 1051.9 | 3210.5 ± 1191.4 | 2994.09 ± 953.6 | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium intake (mg/day) | 338.62 ± 108.5 | 366.12 ± 125.5 | 322.7 ± 93.8 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day) | 1806.2 ± 680.2 | 1968.8 ± 812.3 | 1712.1 ± 569.9 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary sodium excretion (mg/24 h) 3 | 3116.3 ± 1273.3 | 3674.4 ± 1420.2 | 2831.2 ± 1086.3 | <0.0001 |
| Frequency of intake of bacon (%) | ||||
| Category 1 (≤3 times per month or never) | 92.3 | 90.0 | 93.6 | 0.011 |
| Category 2 (1–4 times per week) | 7.4 | 9.4 | 6.2 | |
| Category 3 (5–6 times per week) | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | |
| Category 4 (≥ once per day) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Frequency of intake of sausages (%) | ||||
| Category 1 (≤3 times per month or never) | 66.1 | 59.8 | 69.8 | <0.001 |
| Category 2 (1–4 times per week) | 32.1 | 37.2 | 29.2 | |
| Category 3 (5–6 times per week) | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | |
| Category 4 (≥ once per day) | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |
| Frequency of intake of ham (%) | ||||
| Category 1 (≤3 times per month or never) | 17.5 | 14.7 | 19.2 | <0.001 |
| Category 2 (1–4 times per week) | 65.5 | 63.5 | 66.6 | |
| Category 3 (5–6 times per week) | 9.4 | 12.4 | 7.7 | |
| Category 4 (≥ once per day) | 7.6 | 9.5 | 6.5 | |
| Frequency of intake of Oaxaca cheese (%) | ||||
| Category 1 (≤3 times per month or never) | 28.3 | 27.0 | 29.0 | 0.601 |
| Category 2 (1–4 times per week) | 62.9 | 63.6 | 62.4 | |
| Category 3 (5–6 times per week) | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.4 | |
| Category 4 (≥ once per day) | 4.5 | 5.2 | 4.2 | |
| Frequency of intake of Manchego cheese (%) | ||||
| Category 1 (≤3 times per month or never) | 63.4 | 58.5 | 66.3 | 0.001 |
| Category 2 (1–4 times per week) | 32.2 | 36.0 | 29.0 | |
| Category 3 (5–6 times per week) | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | |
| Category 4 (≥ once per day) | 2.2 | 3.3 | 1.6 | |
| Frequency of intake of fresh cheese (%) | ||||
| Category 1 (≤3 times per month or never) | 24.9 | 27.1 | 23.6 | 0.311 |
| Category 2 (1–4 times per week) | 62.8 | 59.6 | 62.8 | |
| Category 3 (5–6 times per week) | 5.5 | 4.9 | 5.5 | |
| Category 4 (≥ once per day) | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.2 |
1 Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables; 2 p value for comparison between men and women by independent sample t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables; 3 Urinary sodium excretion was determined for 1492 subjects (507 men and 985 women), for whom the 24 h urine sample was considered as complete (standard creatinine excretion rate for sex).