Table 2.
Food Preferences Assessed as Intakes of Foods from Major Food Groups in PE and NPE a.
| Reference | Measure, Age at Intake Analysis |
Fruits | Vegetables | Grains and Grain Products | Dairy | Meats and Meat Alternatives | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PE | NPE | PE | NPE | PE | NPE | PE | NPE | PE | NPE | ||
| Li et al. [12] | Intake as g/d, reported as mean ± SD 6 to 35 mo |
45.3 ± 78.9 * | 78.9 ± 121.8 | 66.2 ± 87.6 | 52.8 ± 72.8 | 117.3 ± 82.2 | 154.1 ± 139.3 | 298.1 ± 214.9 | 223.6 ± 208.9 | Meat | |
| 67.5 ± 80.2 * | 49.1 ± 88.8 | ||||||||||
| Eggs | |||||||||||
| 26.1 ± 43.8 | 36.9 ± 44.4 | ||||||||||
| van der Horst et al. [15] |
Intake (g/d), reported as mean ± SEM 1 to 4 y |
254 ± 12 | 263 ± 9 | 57.9 ± 3.8 * | 69.7 ± 4.1 | 101 ± 4 | 100 ± 4 | 470 ± 15 | 458 ± 13 | 60.9 ± 3.2 * | 76.9 ± 3.9 |
| Taylor et al. [14] | Intake (g/d), reported as mean (95% CI) 3.5 y |
46
(36, 56) b,* |
72
(65, 78) |
25
(19, 31) b,* |
52
(48, 57) |
-- | 390 (342, 437) b* | 325 (305, 344) | Total meat b | ||
| 50 (43, 57) * | 61 (57, 65) | ||||||||||
| Processed meat b | |||||||||||
| 24 (20, 28) | 23 (20, 25) | ||||||||||
| Fish b | |||||||||||
| 9 (7, 12) * | 16 (14, 18) | ||||||||||
| 68 (62, 75) c |
72 (65, 78) |
42 (38, 46) c |
52 (48, 57) |
-- | 347 (322, 372) c | 325 (305, 344) | Total meat c | ||||
| 52 (48, 56) * | 61 (57, 65) | ||||||||||
| Processed meat c | |||||||||||
| 23 (21, 26) | 23 (20, 25) | ||||||||||
| Fish c | |||||||||||
| 15 (13, 17) | 16 (14, 18) | ||||||||||
| Berger et al. [23] | Intake in PPE and NPE, reported as mean ± SEM of cup equiv d 5 to 15 y |
0.70 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.06 * | 0.73 ± 0.03 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Cardona Cano et al. [25] | % of children not eating ≥10 g of food from the specific food group 14 mo |
4.9 | 3.8 | 46.7 * | 36.0 | Refined | Dairy | Fish | |||
| 58.8 | 58.9 | 32.5 | 29.3 | 89.1 * | 86.0 | ||||||
| Whole | Formula | Meat | |||||||||
| 15.8 * | 10.6 | 29.2 | 31.4 | 64.8 * | 58.7 | ||||||
| Rice, pasta | |||||||||||
| 22.8 * | 16.6 | ||||||||||
| Tharner et al. [30] | Intake, z-score 14 mo |
0.03 | 0.04 | −0.21 * | −0.01 | Refined | Dairy | Fish | |||
| 0.05 | −0.50 | −0.13 | 0.01 | −0.16* | 0.0 | ||||||
| Whole | Formula | Meat | |||||||||
| −0.20 * | 0.08 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.18 * | 0.04 | ||||||
| Pasta, rice, potatoes | |||||||||||
| −0.16 | −0.02 | ||||||||||
| Haszard et al. [29] | Dietary intake scores mean ± SD 4 to 8 y (mean 6.4 y) |
Rec. score ≥ 1 | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
| 12.3 ± 3.9 * | 14.5 ± 4 | ||||||||||
| Carruth et al. [20] e | % of children eating food from category 4 to 6 mo |
64 | 57 | 50 | 47 | 79 | 77 | 100 | 100 | 7 | 5 |
| 7 to 8 mo | 83 | 90 | 67 | 68 | 88 | 92 | 100 | 100 | 20 | 13 | |
| 9 to 11 mo | 89 | 89 | 65 | 76 | 96 | 96 | 100 | 100 | 33 | 45 | |
| 12 to 14 mo | 84 | 94 | 72 | 79 | 98 | 98 | 100 | 99 | 72 | 75 | |
| 15 to 24 mo | 87 | 84 | 77 | 84 | 95 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 86 | 89 | |
| Galloway et al. [39] | # of servings per d, reported as mean ± SD 9 y |
1.0 ± 0.94 * | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.72 | 1.7 ± 0.89 | 5.9 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 0.59 | 1.5 ± 0.63 |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; d = day; mo = months; NPE = non-picky eaters; PE = picky eaters; PPE = persistent picky eaters; Rec. = recommended; SD = standard deviation; SEM = standard error of the mean; y = years. a Values appearing in bold-type font and with an asterisk (*) are significantly different between PE and NPE. b Results for those with score 2 (PE). c Results for those with score 1 (somewhat PE). d Recommend intakes of cup equiv: fruit = 3/d and vegetables = 2/d. e Significance between PE and NPE within each age group was not reported.