Table 3.
Observational studies and meta-analyses show possible effects of different dairy products on 19 conditions. In the case of bone calcium from dairy products is the most consistent in western societies. However, bone osteoporosis and fractures are controversial.
| Disease | TDF | Milk | Lfat | Hfat | Lactose | Cheese | Yogurt | Ferment | Calcium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | - | - | - | - | ? - | - | - | - | - |
| MetS | - | ||||||||
| CAD | n | n | n | n | n | n | - | ? - | |
| CVD | n | n | n | ||||||
| HTN * | - | n | - | n | - | n | - | ||
| Stroke | - | - | - | ||||||
| T2Dm * | - | n | - | n | - | - | ? n/+ | ||
| Obes * | ?-/? n | ?-/?n | |||||||
| CRC | - | - | ? - | ? - | |||||
| IBD | - | - | - | ||||||
| Brst ca | ? - | - | ? - | - | - | ||||
| Ovar ca | ? + | n | n | ? n | ? n | ? - | |||
| Sto ca | ? - | n | |||||||
| Pros ca | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Test ca | ? + | ||||||||
| Lun ca | n | ||||||||
| Panc ca | n | ||||||||
| Blad ca | ? - | ||||||||
| NHL | ? + | + | + | n |
* It is noted that the outcomes of Mendelian randomization studies which included the genetic polymorphism as an instrumental variable did not show that dairy intake reduced obesity, hypertension, or type 2 diabetes [125,126,130,132]. However, a study evaluating risk of milk in cardiovascular disease did not find any increased risk [127]. The sign - denotes reduced risk, n—neutral effect and + denotes increased risk. The ? indicates varied outcomes reported. The / symbol represents divergent reports. TDF—total dairy foods, Lfat—low fat milk, Hfat—high fat milk, Ferment—refers to fermented dairy. MetS—metabolic syndrome, CAD—coronary artery disease, CVD—cardiovascular disease, HTN—hypertension, T2D—type 2 diabetes, CRC—refers to colorectal cancer, IBD—inflammatory bowel disease, Brst ca—breast cancer, Ovar ca—ovarian cancer, Sto ca = stomach cancer, Pros ca—prostate ca Ovar ca—ovarian cancer, Test ca—testicular cancer. Lun ca—lung cancer Panc ca—pancreatic cancer, Blad ca—bladder cancer, NHL— non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The table is based on references [99,100,116,117,118,133,134,135,147,148,149,153,154,155,156,157,161,163,164,165,166,167,168,170,173,174,177,178,179]. Relationships between specific diseases and references are noted in the text.