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Cytotoxicity assay of nanoparticles to (a) THP-1 macrophages and (b) A549 cells. Cells were treated with nanoparticles at 50 μg/mL for 4 h, and cytotoxicity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Note that all types of nanoparticles showed no cytotoxicity at 50 μg/mL. VEH—vehicle control; NH2—amine; GD—guanidium; PEG—polyethylene glycol; ZW—zwitterionic; AC—acetyl; COOH—carboxyl; SO3—sulfonic.
