Table 1.

Positions, effects, and p-Values of ten quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) based on simulated data without environmental correlation.

Chr a	Pos (bp)	Trait 1 eff	Trait 2 eff	Single-Trait GWAS				Multiple-Trait GWAS
				−log(p) t1	se eff	−log(p) t2	se eff	−log(p) mt	se eff
1	5167453	1.18	1.66	3.63	0.06	1.87	0.09	3.19	0.01
1	126001364	1.34	1.93	4.38	0.03	3.45	0.04	4.65	0.01
1	128776905	1.83	2.51	1.13	0.13	1.17	0.18	1.33	0.03
1	132347489	1.21	1.91	4.57	0.13	5.85	0.18	6.16	0.03
1	135921964	0.89	1.43	1.73	0.06	4.70	0.08	3.53	0.01
4	28841329	0.93	1.47	1.10	0.04	3.68	0.05	2.54	0.01
4	65810279	1.82	2.38	5.24	0.11	5.22	0.16	6.24	0.02
4	80902019	3.41	5.71	17.55	0.06	30.18	0.08	28.08	0.01
4	115266053	2.20	3.94	10.05	0.06	16.65	0.08	15.70	0.01
5	6270944	0.84	0.94	2.48	0.04	0.87	0.05	1.87	0.01

Note: ^a One of the simulated data results. Pleiotropic traits were simulated based on 10 QTNs. If the significant threshold was a p-Value < 10⁻⁶, only two QTNs (chr4: 80902019 and chr4: 115266053) could be identified based on single-trait GWAS results. Meanwhile, four QTNs (chr1: 132347489, chr4: 65810279, chr4: 80902019, and chr4: 115266053) could be identified based on PCA-based GWAS results. Shaded QTNs are causal variants only found in PCA-based GWAS. GWAS, Genome-Wide Association Study. Chr, Chromosome. Pos, Position. Eff, effective. Se eff, Standard error of estimated effects.