Table 1.
Baseline characteristicsa
| Control group | Current diagnoses of depression/anxiety | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1197) | (n = 1783) | P | N | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age (years) | 43 (14) | 41 (12) | 0.004 | 2980 |
| Women (%) | 65 | 67 | 0.17 | 2980 |
| Education (years) | 13 (3.2) | 12 (3.3) | <0.001 | 2980 |
| Household income (€ net/month) (%) | <0.001 | 2973 | ||
| Low (⩽1400 €) | 21 | 30 | ||
| Medium (1401–2600 €) | 37 | 39 | ||
| High (>2600 €) | 43 | 31 | ||
| Neighbourhood characteristics | ||||
| Urbanization grade (%) | 0.15 | 2980 | ||
| Extreme (⩾2500 addresses/km2) | 42 | 43 | 1262 | |
| Strong (1500–2500 addresses/km2) | 24 | 22 | 679 | |
| Moderate (1000–1500 addresses/km2) | 19 | 19 | 558 | |
| Hardly (500–1000 addresses/km2) | 7.1 | 9.2 | 249 | |
| Not (<500 addresses/km2) | 8.7 | 7.2 | 232 | |
| Neighbourhood socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Socioeconomic status score | 0.16 (−0.18, 0.65) | 0.04 (−0.97, 0.59) | 0.02 | 2966 |
| Home value (in k€) | 198 (155, 244) | 207 (157, 248) | 0.12 | 2980 |
| Social security beneficiaries (per 1000 households) | 45 (27, 72) | 45 (22, 82) | 0.08 | 2975 |
| Immigrants (%) in neighbourhood | 20 (14, 32) | 21 (13, 34) | 0.21 | 2980 |
| Neighbourhood physical factors | ||||
| Air pollution: PM2.5 absorbance (10−5 m−1) | 1.36 (0.27) | 1.38 (0.27) | 0.006 | 2977 |
| Road-, rail- and air-traffic noise (Lden, dB/24 hours) | 55.2 (53.0, 56.8) | 55.4 (53.4, 57.1) | 0.02 | 2977 |
| Green space in neighbourhood (% of land use) | 18 (9.2, 40) | 18 (9.0, 38) | 0.27 | 2899 |
| Water in neighbourhood (% of land use) | 4.4 (1.3, 7.1) | 4.5 (2.2, 8.0) | 0.004 | 2899 |
| Neighbourhood social factors | ||||
| Social cohesion score | −6.4 (−14, 2.6) | −7.8 (−15, 1.9) | 0.007 | 2973 |
| Safety score | −20 (−35, 4.5) | −21 (−40, 7.0) | 0.07 | 2973 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Severity of depressive symptoms | 9.0 (4.0, 15) | 28 (19, 37) | <0.001 | 2941 |
| Severity of anxiety symptoms | 4.0 (1.0, 8.0) | 15 (9.0, 23) | <0.001 | 2945 |
| Severity of fear symptoms | 11 (4.0, 20) | 30 (16, 46) | <0.001 | 2945 |
a
Values are illustrated as mean (standard deviation; s.d.), median (interquartile range; IQR) or percentages (%). Household income is presented in categories for illustrative purposes; a continuous variable was used in the multilevel regression analyses. N-values could vary from total N = 2980 due to missings on individual measures.