Table 2.
Associations between neighbourhood characteristics and current diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders
| Depressive and/or anxiety disorder (n = 1783) v. controls (n = 1197) | Depressive disorder (n = 1275) v. controls (n = 1197) | Anxiety disorder (n = 1363) v. controls (n = 1197) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Urbanization grade | |||
| Not urbanized | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 0.74 (0.45, 1.22) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.20) |
| Hardly urbanized | 1.29 (0.83, 2.01) | 1.48 (0.91, 2.40) | 1.18 (0.73, 1.91) |
| Moderately urbanized | 1.13 (0.81, 1.57) | 1.10 (0.76, 1.59) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.57) |
| Strongly urbanized | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) |
| Extremely urbanized | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Socioeconomic neighbourhood | |||
| Socioeconomic status score | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97)** | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98)* | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97)** |
| Home value | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) |
| Social security beneficiaries | 1.20 (1.08, 1.33)** | 1.24 (1.11, 1.39)** | 1.21 (1.09, 1.36)** |
| Immigrants | 1.16 (1.00, 1.34)* | 1.23 (1.05, 1.44)** | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35)* |
| Physical neighbourhood | |||
| Air pollution | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41)* |
| Traffic noise | 1.17 (1.05, 1.30)** | 1.17 (1.03, 1.32)** | 1.22 (1.09, 1.38)** |
| Green space | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.00)* |
| Water in neighbourhood | 1.10 (1.00, 1.21)* | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.24)* |
| Social neighbourhood | |||
| Social cohesion | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94)** | 0.84 (0.76, 0.93)** | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94)** |
| Safety | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96)** | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00)* | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93)** |
| Multivariable modela | N = 2885 | N = 2393 | N = 2478 |
| Urbanization grade | 0.78 (0.56, 1.10) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.28) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.13) |
| Socioeconomic status score | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) |
| Home value | 1.31 (1.11, 1.54)** | 1.29 (1.08, 1.55)** | 1.37 (1.16, 1.62)** |
| Social security beneficiaries | 1.30 (1.05, 1.61)* | 1.41 (1.11, 1.79)** | 1.38 (1.10, 1.75)** |
| Immigrants | 0.99 (0.79, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) |
| Air pollution | 0.93 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) |
| Traffic noise | 1.23 (1.07, 1.42)** | 1.26 (1.08, 1.47)** | 1.29 (1.11, 1.50)** |
| Green space | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.15) |
| Water in neighbourhood | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25)* | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26)* | 1.16 (1.04, 1.29)** |
| Social cohesion | 0.91 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99)* | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) |
| Safety | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.41) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.13) |
Based on multilevel logistic regression analyses including municipality code as random intercept, adjusted for sex, age, education and household income. *p ⩽ 0.05; **p ⩽ 0.01. All continuous neighbourhood characteristics were standardized: OR are per 1 s.d. increase; socioeconomic status score: s.d. = 1.18, home value: s.d. = 70.5, social security beneficiaries: s.d. = 43.0, immigrants: s.d. = 15.0, road-, rail- and air-traffic noise: s.d. = 3.21, air pollution (PM2.5 absorbance): s.d. = 0.27, green space: s.d. = 22.6, water: s.d. = 6.21, safety: s.d. = 25.8, social cohesion: s.d. = 13.8.
Urbanization grade was entered as a dichotomous variable (more or less than 1500 addresses/km2) in the multivariable model for ease of presentation.