Table 3.
Associations between neighbourhood characteristics and the severity of depressive, anxiety and fear symptoms
| Depressive symptoms (IDS) N = 2941 | Anxiety symptoms (BAI) N = 2945 | Fear symptoms (FQ) N = 2945 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
| Urbanization grade | ||||||
| Not urbanized | −0.19 | −0.39, 0.01 | −0.17 | −0.37, 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.16, 0.20 |
| Hardly urbanized | 0.07 | −0.12, 0.25 | 0.02 | −0.15, 0.20 | 0.11 | −0.07, 0.28 |
| Moderately urbanized | 0.03 | −0.11, 0.18 | 0.03 | −0.12, 0.17 | 0.02 | −0.12, 0.16 |
| Strongly urbanized | −0.01 | −0.13, 0.11 | −0.0002 | −0.12, 0.12 | 0.07 | −0.06, 0.19 |
| Extremely urbanized | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Socioeconomic neighbourhood | ||||||
| Socioeconomic status score | −0.06 | −0.10, −0.02** | −0.04 | −0.08, −0.001* | −0.02 | −0.06, 0.02 |
| Home value | −0.01 | −0.06, 0.03 | 0.007 | −0.04, 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.02, 0.07 |
| Social security beneficiaries | 0.11 | 0.07, 0.16** | 0.08 | 0.04, 0.13** | 0.05 | 0.01, 0.09* |
| Immigrants | 0.14 | 0.08, 0.20** | 0.11 | 0.06, 0.17** | 0.05 | −0.01, 0.11 |
| Physical neighbourhood | ||||||
| Air pollution | 0.02 | −0.04, 0.08 | 0.05 | −0.01, 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.04, 0.07 |
| Traffic noise | 0.08 | 0.03, 0.13** | 0.09 | 0.05, 0.14** | 0.01 | −0.03, 0.06 |
| Green space | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.06, 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.05, 0.04 |
| Water in neighbourhood | 0.03 | −0.01, 0.07 | 0.02 | −0.02, 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.02, 0.06 |
| Social neighbourhood | ||||||
| Social cohesion | −0.05 | −0.09, −0.01** | −0.04 | −0.08, 0.003 | −0.05 | −0.08, −0.01* |
| Safety | −0.11 | −0.17, −0.04** | −0.09 | −0.15, −0.03** | −0.05 | −0.11, 0.002* |
| Multivariable modela | N = 2847 | N = 2851 | N = 2851 | |||
| Urbanization grade | −0.01 | −0.15, 0.13 | −0.009 | −0.15, 0.13 | −0.002 | −0.14, 0.14 |
| Socioeconomic status score | 0.03 | −0.04, 0.10 | 0.03 | −0.04, 0.10 | 0.01 | −0.06, 0.08 |
| Home value | 0.08 | 0.001, 0.15* | 0.07 | −0.001, 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.02, 0.15** |
| Social security beneficiaries | 0.14 | 0.05, 0.23** | 0.11 | 0.02, 0.21* | 0.07 | −0.02, 0.16 |
| Immigrants | 0.05 | −0.05, 0.14 | 0.05 | −0.04, 0.14 | 0.02 | −0.08, 0.11 |
| Air pollution | −0.09 | −0.18, 0.009 | −0.04 | −0.13, 0.05 | −0.07 | −0.16, 0.02 |
| Traffic noise | 0.12 | 0.06, 0.18** | 0.12 | 0.06, 0.17** | 0.04 | −0.02, 0.09 |
| Green space | 0.02 | −0.04, 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.02, 0.10 | 0.02 | −0.04, 0.09 |
| Water in neighbourhood | 0.04 | 0.00002, 0.08* | 0.03 | −0.01, 0.07 | 0.03 | −0.02, 0.07 |
| Social cohesion | −0.03 | −0.08, 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.07, 0.04 | −0.04 | −0.09, 0.01 |
| Safety | −0.05 | −0.15, 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.15, 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.14, 0.04 |
Based on multilevel linear regression analyses including municipality code as random intercept, adjusted for sex, age, education and household income. *p ⩽ 0.05; **p ⩽ 0.01. All symptom scales and continuous neighbourhood characteristics were standardized. Fixed parameter estimate (β) is per 1 s.d. increase; socioeconomic status score: s.d. = 1.18, home value: s.d. = 70.5, social security beneficiaries: s.d. = 43.0, immigrants: s.d. = 15.0, road-, rail- and air traffic noise: s.d. = 3.21, air pollution (PM2.5 absorbance): s.d. = 0.27, green space: s.d. = 22.6, water: s.d. = 6.21, safety: s.d. = 25.8, social cohesion: s.d. = 13.8.
Urbanization grade was entered as a dichotomous variable (more or less than 1500 addresses/km2) in the multivariable model for ease of presentation.