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(a) Plate polarizers are used to constrain the illumination light to a single orientation; (b) polarized light can only stimulate absorption in fluorophores with compatible molecular geometries; (c) fluorescent proteins illuminated with polarized light will emit light in the same polarization plane. Photons emitted from Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) excited fluorophores come from alternate orientations, depolarizing fluorescence as a function of FRET efficiency.
