. 2018 Dec 14;7(4):110. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7040110

Table 2.

Gram-negative species with antibiotic resistance after various types of low level exposure (<MIC value) to BAC.

Species	Strain(s)	MIC Increase (BAC)	Antibiotic(s)	Pre-Value	Post-Value	Category	Reference
Burkholderia cepacia complex	B. lata strain 383 (4 experiments)	-	Imipenem Meropenem Ciprofloxacin Ceftazidime Tobramycin	24 ¹ 40.7 ¹ 30 ¹ 40.3 ¹ 7.3 ¹	16 (1) ¹ 34–35.5 (2) ¹ 12–24 (2) ¹ 12 (1) ¹ 0 (1) ¹	- - - - -	[6]
Chryseobacterium spp.	Biocide-sensitive strain from organic foods	20-fold	Ampicillin	-	64¹	R	[7]
Enterobacter cloacae	Two biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	12-fold–30-fold	Cefotaxime Ampicillin	- -	128 (1) ¹ 64 (1) ¹	R R	[7]
Enterobacter ludwigii	Biocide-sensitive strain from organic foods	30-fold	Cefotaxime	-	128 ¹	R	[7]
Enterobacter spp.	Six biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	5-fold–300-fold	Ampicillin Sulfamethoxazol Ceftazidime Cefotaxime Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol	- - - - -	64 (5) ¹ 1014 (2) ¹ 64 (1) ¹ 64 (1) ¹ 8/152 (1) ¹	R R R R R	[7]
Escherichia coli	ATCC 11775	6-fold	Ampicillin Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Gentamicin Kanamycin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Penicillin Tetracycline	10 ¹ 10 ¹ 140 ¹ 2 ¹ 8 ¹ 8 ¹ 0.15 ¹ 250 ¹ 4 ¹	50 ¹ 240 ¹ 180 ¹ 4 ¹ 16 ¹ 30 ¹ 0.4 ¹ 400 ¹ 16 ¹	- - - - - - - - -	[8]
Escherichia coli	DSM 682	6-fold	Ampicillin Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Gentamicin Kanamycin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Penicillin Tetracycline	5 ¹ 5 ¹ 100 ¹ 2 ¹ 10 ¹ 4 ¹ 0.1 ¹ 100 ¹ 4 ¹	20 ¹ 60 ¹ 160 ¹ 4 ¹ 10 ¹ 30 ¹ 0.15 ¹ 200 ¹ 6 ¹	- - - - n.a. - - - -	[8]
Escherichia coli	ATCC 47076	6-fold–7-fold	Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Ciprofloxacin Nalidixic acid Ampicillin Cefotaxime	8 ¹ 8 ¹ 0.06 ¹ 8 ¹ 4 ¹ 0.06 ¹	8–128 ¹ 16–64 ¹ 0.25 ¹ 32–64 ¹ 4–8 ¹ 0.12–0.5 ¹	- - - - - -	[9]
Escherichia coli	NCTC 12900 strain O157	Approx. 100-fold	Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Erythromycin Fusidic acid Gentamicin Imipenem Rifampicin Tetracycline Trimethoprim Vancomycin	12 ² 12 ² 19 ² 14 ² 0 ² 10 ² 4 ² 0 ² 13 ² 15 ² 5 ² 10 ² 14 ² 0 ²	0 ² 0 ² 0 ² 14 ² 0 ² 104 ² 0 ² 13 ² 10 ² 5 ² 4 ² 0 ² 0 ²	R R R n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. R n. a. R R n. a.	[10]
Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (non-typhoidal)	12 pan-susceptible strains (6 per species)	24% ⁴	Tetracycline Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol Ampicillin Gentamicin	2.4 ^3,4 0.03 ^3,4 6.5 ^3,4 0.09 ^3,4 18.6 ^2,4 1.1 ^3,4	23.3 ^3,4 0.11 ^3,4 13.7 ^3,4 0.14 ^3,4 12.0 ^2,4 1.3 ^3,4	R (5) S I (6) S R (6) S	[11]
Klebsiella oxytoca	Biocide-sensitive strain from organic foods	3-fold	Ampicillin Cefotaxime Ciprofloxacin Imipenem Ceftazidime Tetracycline Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol Sulfamethoxazol Nalidixic acid	No cross-tolerance ¹ (all antibiotics)		n. a.	[7]
Klebsiella spp.	Biocide-sensitive strain from organic foods	36-fold	Ampicillin	-	64 ¹	R	[7]
Pantoea agglomerans	Four biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	20-fold–70-fold	Ampicillin Ceftazidime Cefotaxime	- - -	64 (4) ¹ 32–64 (2) ¹ 128 (1) ¹	R R R	[7]
Pantoea ananatis	Biocide-sensitive strain from organic foods	25-fold	Ampicillin Cefotaxime Sulfamethoxazol	- - -	64 ¹ 64 ¹ 1024 ¹	R R R	[7]
Pantoea spp.	Three biocide-sensitive strains from organic foods	100-fold–500-fold	Ampicillin Cefotaxime Sulfamethoxazol	- - -	64 (1) ¹ 128 (1) ¹ 1024 (1) ¹	R R R	[7]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	22 isolates from biofilm samples in dairy	≤2.2-fold	Ciprofloxacin	0.25–32 ¹	3.5–55 ^1,5	-	[12]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Strain NCIMB 10421	12-fold	Amikacin Ceftazidime Ciprofloxacin Gentamycin Imipenem Ticarcillin	3.5 ³ 2 ³ 0.125 ³ 2.5 ³ 2 ³ 0.875 ³	1.75 ³ 0.44 ³ 0.047 ³ 0.75 ³ 0.5 ³ 0.285 ³	n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.	[13]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Strain NCIMB 10421	>12-fold	Ciprofloxacin Tobramycin Minocycline Aztreonam Polymyxin B Amikacin Gentamicin Vancomycin Imipenem	0.125 ³ 1.5 ³ >128 ³ 3 ³ 4 ³ 8 ³ 4 ³ >128 ³ 2 ³	32 ³ 1.0 ³ 16 ³ 3 ³ 2 ³ 6 ³ 6 ³ >128 ³ 2 ³	- - - - - - - - -	[14]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Isolate from river sediment	4-fold	Polymyxin B	0.2–0.4 ¹	0.8–1.6 ¹	-	[15]
Salmonella Enteritidis	Clinical isolate	Approx. 200-fold	Various antibiotics	No cross-resistance ²		n.a.	[10]
Salmonella Hvittingfoss	Strain S41	4-fold	Ampicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Piperacillin Cephalexin Cefpodoxime Ceftiofur Ceftriaxone Tetracycline Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Cefoxitin Nalidixic acid	<2 ⁶ <2 ⁶ <4 ⁶ <4 ⁶ <0.25 ⁶ <1 ⁶ <0.25 ⁶ <1 ⁶ 0.06 ⁶ 4 ⁶ 8 ⁶ 4 ⁶	16 ⁶ 4 ⁶ 64 ⁶ 16 ⁶ 2 ⁶ >8 ⁶ 2 ⁶ 8 ⁶ 0.5 ⁶ 16 ⁶ >32 ⁶ 32 ⁶	I - I I I I R I I I - R	[16]
Salmonella Typhimurium	NCTC 74	Approx. 10-fold	Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Erythromycin Fusidic acid Gentamicin Imipenem Rifampicin Tetracycline Trimethoprim Vancomycin	14 ² 15 ² 15 ² 13 ² 0 ² 9 ² 0 ² 0 ² 13 ² 17 ² 4 ² 6 ² 13 ² 0 ²	14 ² 14 ² 15 ² 15 ² 0 ² 9 ² 0 ² 0 ² 11 ² 16 ² 4 ² 9 ² 13 ² 0 ²	n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.	[10]
Salmonella Virchow	Food isolate	Approx. 200-fold	Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Colistin sulfate Erythromycin Fusidic acid Gentamicin Imipenem Rifampicin TetracyclineTrimethoprim Vancomycin	16 ² 16 ² 14 ² 0 ² 0 ² 9 ² 4 ² 0 ² 16 ² 16 ² 5 ² 8 ² 14 ² 0 ²	0 ² 1 ² 2 ² 0 ² 0 ² 11 ² 4 ² 0 ² 15 ² 12 ² 5 ² 8 ² 0 ² 0 ²	R R R n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. R n. a. n. a. R n. a.	[10]

¹ microdilution method (mg/L); ² disc diffusion test (mm); ³ Etest (mg/L); ⁴ mean; ⁵ no conclusive cross-resistance; ⁶ NARMS plates; “-” = no information; R = resistant; I = intermediate susceptible; S = susceptible; n. a. = not applicable; () = number of strains, isolates or experiments.